Frederick Douglass Essay Example for Free

Frederick Douglass Essay Frederick Douglass was brought into the world a slave in 1818, when slaves were prohibited to have instruction he prevailing with regards to instructing himself to peruse and compose. In Frederick Douglass’ Learning to Read, the crowd was given a fantastic view that permitted a brief look inside the genuine profundity and degree of bondage. Douglass communicated accentuation on proficiency and the effect it had on bondage by uncovering how subjugation was hindering not exclusively to slaves however slave proprietors, how the way to instruct himself caused mental anguish, and how education turned into his key to opportunity. In the first place, the master’s spouse saw Frederick as her equivalent and didn’t see anything amiss with teaching him. Douglass said of his first instructor â€Å"She from the outset did not have the degeneracy basic to quieting me down in mental obscurity (346), at that point she understood that teaching a slave implied giving them a voice. Bondage had the ability to transform a sort and caring individual into an insensitive and barbarous savage. â€Å"Under its impact, the delicate heart got stone, and the lamblike air offered approach to one of tiger like fierceness† (Douglass 346). She stopped to teach him and ensured no one else would. â€Å"Mistress, in showing me the letter set, had offered me the bit of leeway, and no safeguard could keep me from taking ell† (347). Frederick Douglass was a splendid man and resolved to figure out how to peruse. Douglass transformed kids into educators and through a trade of bread effectively figured out how to peruse. In Learning to Read, Douglass needed to name the young men who helped him as â€Å"a tribute of the appreciation and friendship I bear them†(347), however rather expressed where they lived. Douglass expounds on the means he took when figuring out how to peruse and goes as far to incorporate where the youngsters experienced that assist him with succeeding sets up exact rationale. The way Frederick Douglass went to seek after his training was an exciting ride of feelings. Douglass was twelve when he ran over the book The Columbian Orator, it contained material that revolted against subjugation, and with trust readily available he encountered reality. â€Å"behold! That very dissatisfaction which Master Hugh had anticipated would follow my figuring out how to peruse has just come, to torment and sting my spirit to unutterable anguish. †(Douglass 348). He was as yet a slave, not, at this point uninformed of reality yet at the same time without the appropriate response. â€Å"I frequently got myself lamenting my own reality, and wishing myself dead; and yet for the desire for being free† Slavery was awful to such an extent that he begrudged the confused slaves and even mulled over death, yet it was trust that spared him. Douglass’ utilization of stacked language advances to the feelings of the crowd. In Learning to Read, Douglass is anxious to hear the word abolitionists, in spite of the fact that he didn’t recognize what it implied he connected the word with trust. â€Å"If a slave fled and prevailing with regards to getting clear, or if a slave executed his lord, put a match to a horse shelter, or did anything extremely wrong in the psyche of a slaveholder, it was talked about as the product of abolition†(348,349). From a city paper he finds out about the request to abrogate servitude in the District of Columbia, and at the dock he is urged to out of control toward the north, where he could be free. Douglass composed â€Å"I supported myself with trust that I should one day locate a decent possibility. In the mean time, I would figure out how to compose. †(349) A chunk of chalk, any strong surface and another sharp strategy would give Douglass the apparatuses important to figure out how to compose. Frederick Douglas was a slave who prevailing with regards to figuring out how to peruse and compose sets up his validity and authority. Douglass’ sees on the significance of proficiency and the effect it had on servitude was compelling by precisely utilizing rationale, speaking to feelings, and building up moral believability In Learning to Read, Frederick Douglass gives a direct record of the battles he looked to free himself, intellectually and genuinely, from subjugation. Through his tirelessness to figure out how to peruse and compose he finds that information is the way to opportunity.

Coptic Egyptian and Christian Nubian painting Essay

Coptic Egyptian and Christian Nubian painting - Essay Example The exposition Coptic Egyptian and Christian Nubian painting contrasts Egyptian artistic creation and Nubian painting and investigates what do their topics enlighten us regarding the financial existence of these social orders and their ideological standpoint. An investigation of the region’s history and ancient rarities uncover its experiences with Pharaoh’s Egypt, the Nubian Kingdoms’ obvious change into Christendom, and the arrangement of Muslim and Arab characters in the later past. Researchers devoted to the investigation of Egyptian legislative issues and history have a considerable amount to derive from canvases found in Nubian and Coptic places of worship of antiquated occasions. The areas that follow are devoted to the examination of Coptic and Nubian Christian pictures and culture during the period somewhere in the range of 500 and 1000 AD. Nubia alludes to the district that lies in northern Sudan and south of Egypt along the Nile. With quarter of its re gion lying in Egypt, and the greater part of itself lying in Sudan, old Nubia was officially a self-overseeing realm. In 373 AD, Bishop Athanasius sanctified as diocesan of Philae Marcus in a show that denoted the infiltration of Christianity in the fourth century. In 545, a Monophysite cleric, Julian, is recorded to have prompted the King’s change along with a few of his aristocrats. Around the same time, different records propose, the Makuria Kingdom was changed over to Catholism by Byzantine evangelists. As time passed by, Arab brokers acquainted Islam with Nubia which gradually superseded Christianity. It is noticed that though there could have been a diocesan.

How to Optimize Supply Chain Management with Big Data

How to Optimize Supply Chain Management with Big Data It has been said that Big Data has applications at all levels of a business. This is definitely true of supply chain management the optimization of a firm’s supply-side business activities, such as new product development, production, and product distribution, to maximize revenue, profits, and customer value. Big Data management has tremendous implications for supply chain management. Firms that can aggregate, filter, and analyze internal data, as well as external consumer and market data, can use the insights generated to optimize decision-making at all levels of the supply chain.However, while many firms have noted the tremendous potential of Big Data for supply chain management yet not integrated it into their operations because they lack the financial, technological or human resources to do so. While these are clearly challenges, it is estimated that the digital universe will be over 40 trillion gigabytes by 2020 â€" a significant portion of that being data that can be leverag ed to generate business insights. As time passes, those firms who have integrated Big Data into their supply chains, and both scale and refine that infrastructure will likely have a decisive competitive advantage over those that do not. © Shutterstock.com | Mascha TaceIn this article, we will cover 1) the benefits of Big Data for supply chain management, including its role in 2) real-time delivery tracking, 3) optimized supplier chain management, 4) automatic product sourcing, 5) customized production and service, and 6) optimized pricing, as well as 7) building a Big Data supply chain, and 8) the future of Big Data and supply chain management.BENEFITS OF BIG DATA FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTBy strengthening its supply chain, a firm can get the products and services a consumer wants to them quickly and efficiently. Firms that demonstrate such value to consumers can increase repeat purchase behavior, deepen consumer brand loyalty, and derive more value (purchases and referrals) from the customer over his or her lifetime.To leverage this opportunity fully requires the firm to analyze internal and external data for decision-making efficiently. The management tools and techniques that have evolved for use with Big Data such as real-time business intelligence systems, data mining, and predictive analytics, can be leveraged to make fulfillment more efficient and profitable; optimize both supply costs and pricing to maximize profits; automate product sourcing; and deploy mass customization product strategies.REAL-TIME DELIVERY TRACKINGBig Data’s management systems include real-time analytics solutions that can be used to strengthen fulfillment. These systems include both Big Data hardware/software for warehousing and processing and inputs from bar-codes, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, global positioning systems (GPS) devices, among others. Such systems can capture traffic sensor data, road network data, and vehicle data, in real-time to allow logistics managers the capacity to optimize delivery scheduling. They can address unforeseen events (such as accidents and inclement weather) effectively; track packages and vehicles in real-time no matter where they are; automate notices sent to customers in the event of a delay; and provide customers with real-time delivery status updates. Firms can also aggregate and filter relevant unstructured data from sources, such as social networking sites for insights on the delivery process, and respond to issues in real-time.Further, vehicle sensor information can be used for predictive maintenance â€"maximizing the life of business equipment (in this case, vehicles and transportation-related equipment such as forklifts) by scheduling preventive maintenance based on current and historical data.Transportation data, when integrated into a commercial or in-house implementation of a distributed file system, such as Hadoop, a network-based one like Gluster, or other similar system, can be leveraged by other strategic business units. For example, a firm can configure its transportation business intelligence system to route notification of delivery delays to customer service centers automatically; customer service representatives can th en anticipate, and respond to, customer complaints appropriately.OPTIMIZED SUPPLIER MANAGEMENTTo maximize profits, firms want to sell the most products at the lowest costs. Cost determinations become increasingly complex the more raw materials used to produce a product, the greater the variability in the price of those inputs, the more products the firm offers, and the larger the geographical distribution area. The supplier relationship management process â€" which once, for many firms, had more to do with drinks, golf games, and other shared social experiences â€" these days, must incorporate more quantitative measures to determine whether the firm is receiving the most bang for its buck.Big Data allows firms to develop complex mathematical models that forecast margins if different mixes of suppliers are chosen. These models can take into account a wide range of variables, such as the additional costs due to variations in the speed with which different suppliers can deliver their g oods; one-time switching costs, such as long-term contract cancellations; and even estimates of supplier reliability, which firms can use to generate performance predictions of various supplier mixes. Managers can then select those with the highest return on the lowest investment to maximize profits.OPTIMIZED PRICINGSimilar to supplier selection, Big Data has many benefits for pricing. Firms can use consumer data, from both internal and external sources, to develop pricing models that maximize profit margins, and use predictive analytics tools to forecast demand for a particular product at different price points. Firms can then test these price points with soft launches, and incorporate consumer behavior and feedback â€" both quantitative and qualitative â€" into their pricing strategies. Further, firms can develop models to determine which combinations of related products consumers are likely to buy together, and use this information to develop and refine upselling strategies.Anoth er application of Big Data management and analysis to pricing involves sales forecasting. Firms can use predictive analytics to make real-time predictions about the firm’s sales performance overall, in a region, or even a specific location; they can adjust pricing to ensure that they meet those projections when necessary. Dynamic pricing can also be used to maximize revenue during times of increased market demand and/or supply shortages. Common in ground and air transportation during the holidays, dynamic pricing allows operators to increase prices for empty bus, plane, and train tickets when empty seats are scarce. However, industries ranging from hotels to sports entertainment to retail employ dynamic pricing to increase revenue.CUSTOMIZED PRODUCTION AND SERVICEBig Data collected to optimize supply chain management often holds key insights about consumer needs and wants. Firms can leverage these insights to develop new product and/or brand extensions, where sufficient consumer d emand warrants. In many cases, economies of scale reduce the costs of product extensions to the point where the additional costs are negligible. For example, a firm might introduce a jacket in three different colors, but through an analysis of aggregated social media mentions, customer service feedback, and online reviews, release the product in a fourth color. This is known as cosmetic customization.Many firms also leverage economies of scale to employ a mass customization strategy â€" one where customers provide firms with product features for common products, and the firm builds the product to the customer’s specifications. Auto manufacturers often employ this strategy, manufacturing large volumes of common components, and then allowing users to “build” their car by inputting desired features on the corporate website. However, many firms, from eyewear designers to toy companies, use this strategy, known as collaborative customization.Other firms, such as software firms, emp loy adaptive customization, which provides users with products that consumers can then customize themselves, according to their changing needs and desires. Still others employ transparent customization, wherein customers do not know that firms have customized products specifically for them. Often, this is employed not only with product manufacturing but also with fulfillment: firms analyze consumers’ usage patterns of commodities, and produce and offer, and distribute replacements when needed.In addition to adding value for the consumer, mass customization enhances a personalized purchase experience considerably, deepening both brand engagement and loyalty. Firms often use Big Data, including supply chain data to personalize their customer service experience. Firms with effective customer service departments integrate all available data about a consumer, including relevant supply chain data (such as a history of on-time and delayed deliveries, for example) into files available to customer service representatives. Having that data at their fingertips helps customer service reps address customer inquiries received.Firms can even use this data to anticipate such inquiries and respond proactively. For example, a firm might face greater demand for a particular product than they have inventory to meet. In such a case where the product has a lengthy manufacturing and/or distribution time, the firm can reach out to those who have placed orders with an explanation and apology for the delay; they can also update their website to notify new customers of the delay.AUTOMATIC PRODUCT SOURCINGIn late 2013, Amazon filed a patent in the U.S. for the process of predictive shipping â€" a distribution method wherein a firm uses predictive analytics to forecast future sales based on historical data; they then source and ship products to local and/or regional distribution centers in advance of those orders. It remains to be seen how successful this method may be, yet given Amazon ’s pioneering success in the online retail space, driven in no small part by its embrace of Big Data management tools, techniques and technologies, it would be tough to bet against them.Twelve years earlier, the firm filed a patent for automated product sourcingâ€" a process and its related technologies that played no small part in Amazon’s success; it has since been replicated by many other online retailers to varying degrees of success. Automated process sourcing refers to a firm’s ability to, upon receipt of a customer order, analyze inventory at multiple fulfillment centers, estimate delivery times, and return multiple delivery options (at different price points) to the customer in real-time. This enhances value for the customer, and allows Amazon to optimize distribution, as well as inventory management. Many other firms, from Best Buy to eBay, have either developed their own automated product sourcing systems or purchased software and process management solutions from ve ndors.BUILDING A BIG DATA SUPPLY CHAINThe benefits of paring Big Data with supply chain management make it an obvious choice; the ever-accelerating volume, velocity, and variety of data make it a necessary one. However, integrating Big Data into a firm’s supply chain is more involved than releasing a management directive or signing a purchase order.It is often advisable to start with individual links on the supply chain â€" such as departments, build Big Data into their operations, and replicate their successes across the organizations. The buy-in from this approach will help managers mitigate internal resistance to an innovation many find abstract or overwhelming. Executives and managers must review (and where needed update) the strategic business goals that drive the specific operational unit.For example, a corporate fleet might count as KPIs on-time deliveries, cost per delivery measured in fuel, wear and tear, and other measures, delivery times, positive customer feedback, lac k of negative customer feedback, and other similar indicators. Internal data scientist leads should work with must work with executives and managers (in this case the management team of the corporate fleet) to create operational goals and insights that drive these goals. For example, such insights might include the optimal time by which deliveries must be made to elicit positive customer feedback, optimal delivery routes that minimize cost per delivery and delivery times in real-time, and others that can allow the corporate fleet to add value to the organization as a whole. Data scientists then must work with I.T. (and vendors where necessary) to develop a Big Data infrastructure that allows them to meet these goals.Fundamentally, such architecture would include hardware/software and internal procedures and protocols for collecting, processing, and storing existing and new data, in real-time where possible and necessary. This architecture would also allow data scientists to clean, s earch, and filter data pre-analysis, analyze it as necessary, generate useful reports, and share actionable insights across the organization, and in some cases, to consumers. Further, this architecture must be scalable â€" as the volume of data will only grow, and secure, as a failure to maintain the privacy of consumer data can be a tremendously expensive mistake. Such architecture should communicate with existing (or new) customer relationship management systems and provide real-time intelligence to provide the most value for internal and external stakeholders.THE FUTURE OF BIG DATA AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTSeveral innovations and trends will not only accelerate the volume of data as a whole, but also the volume of data relevant to supply chain management. Mobile will continue to provide a major source of supply-chain relevant data, driven by the GPS technology in mobile devices, as well as the proliferation of social networks specializing in social discovery, which allows users to discover people and events of interest based on location. Deep analysis of consumer location information can afford firms even greater efficiency at getting products to consumers, whether through optimizing the locations of regional fulfillment centers or even distribution of products at those events and venues well frequented by its consumers.The Internet of Things â€" the attachment of sensors and other digital technologies to traditionally non-digital products to capture data, are currently, and will continue to be a major source of data of use to data scientists working on supply chain optimization. For example, a smart device can be built to send messages to the manufacturer when they are broken, which can generate production on a replacement part or full device, before its owner calls customer service. If the device is outmoded, its signal to the manufacturing firm can provide the customer service representative (and/or sales staff) with the information to prepare for an u psell.Cloud computing itself has driven Big Data’s growth significantly, as its inherent digitization of a firm’s operational data demands new methods to leverage it. As more firms take advantage of the benefits of cloud computing (such as reduced capital costs, economies of scale, and increased flexibility), adoption of Big Data’s management tools and techniques will grow. Moreover, as it grows, firms will demand increasingly sophisticated business intelligence systems, methods of predictive analysis, and tools for data mining, which the market will provide.

How to Optimize Supply Chain Management with Big Data

How to Optimize Supply Chain Management with Big Data It has been said that Big Data has applications at all levels of a business. This is definitely true of supply chain management the optimization of a firm’s supply-side business activities, such as new product development, production, and product distribution, to maximize revenue, profits, and customer value. Big Data management has tremendous implications for supply chain management. Firms that can aggregate, filter, and analyze internal data, as well as external consumer and market data, can use the insights generated to optimize decision-making at all levels of the supply chain.However, while many firms have noted the tremendous potential of Big Data for supply chain management yet not integrated it into their operations because they lack the financial, technological or human resources to do so. While these are clearly challenges, it is estimated that the digital universe will be over 40 trillion gigabytes by 2020 â€" a significant portion of that being data that can be leverag ed to generate business insights. As time passes, those firms who have integrated Big Data into their supply chains, and both scale and refine that infrastructure will likely have a decisive competitive advantage over those that do not. © Shutterstock.com | Mascha TaceIn this article, we will cover 1) the benefits of Big Data for supply chain management, including its role in 2) real-time delivery tracking, 3) optimized supplier chain management, 4) automatic product sourcing, 5) customized production and service, and 6) optimized pricing, as well as 7) building a Big Data supply chain, and 8) the future of Big Data and supply chain management.BENEFITS OF BIG DATA FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTBy strengthening its supply chain, a firm can get the products and services a consumer wants to them quickly and efficiently. Firms that demonstrate such value to consumers can increase repeat purchase behavior, deepen consumer brand loyalty, and derive more value (purchases and referrals) from the customer over his or her lifetime.To leverage this opportunity fully requires the firm to analyze internal and external data for decision-making efficiently. The management tools and techniques that have evolved for use with Big Data such as real-time business intelligence systems, data mining, and predictive analytics, can be leveraged to make fulfillment more efficient and profitable; optimize both supply costs and pricing to maximize profits; automate product sourcing; and deploy mass customization product strategies.REAL-TIME DELIVERY TRACKINGBig Data’s management systems include real-time analytics solutions that can be used to strengthen fulfillment. These systems include both Big Data hardware/software for warehousing and processing and inputs from bar-codes, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, global positioning systems (GPS) devices, among others. Such systems can capture traffic sensor data, road network data, and vehicle data, in real-time to allow logistics managers the capacity to optimize delivery scheduling. They can address unforeseen events (such as accidents and inclement weather) effectively; track packages and vehicles in real-time no matter where they are; automate notices sent to customers in the event of a delay; and provide customers with real-time delivery status updates. Firms can also aggregate and filter relevant unstructured data from sources, such as social networking sites for insights on the delivery process, and respond to issues in real-time.Further, vehicle sensor information can be used for predictive maintenance â€"maximizing the life of business equipment (in this case, vehicles and transportation-related equipment such as forklifts) by scheduling preventive maintenance based on current and historical data.Transportation data, when integrated into a commercial or in-house implementation of a distributed file system, such as Hadoop, a network-based one like Gluster, or other similar system, can be leveraged by other strategic business units. For example, a firm can configure its transportation business intelligence system to route notification of delivery delays to customer service centers automatically; customer service representatives can th en anticipate, and respond to, customer complaints appropriately.OPTIMIZED SUPPLIER MANAGEMENTTo maximize profits, firms want to sell the most products at the lowest costs. Cost determinations become increasingly complex the more raw materials used to produce a product, the greater the variability in the price of those inputs, the more products the firm offers, and the larger the geographical distribution area. The supplier relationship management process â€" which once, for many firms, had more to do with drinks, golf games, and other shared social experiences â€" these days, must incorporate more quantitative measures to determine whether the firm is receiving the most bang for its buck.Big Data allows firms to develop complex mathematical models that forecast margins if different mixes of suppliers are chosen. These models can take into account a wide range of variables, such as the additional costs due to variations in the speed with which different suppliers can deliver their g oods; one-time switching costs, such as long-term contract cancellations; and even estimates of supplier reliability, which firms can use to generate performance predictions of various supplier mixes. Managers can then select those with the highest return on the lowest investment to maximize profits.OPTIMIZED PRICINGSimilar to supplier selection, Big Data has many benefits for pricing. Firms can use consumer data, from both internal and external sources, to develop pricing models that maximize profit margins, and use predictive analytics tools to forecast demand for a particular product at different price points. Firms can then test these price points with soft launches, and incorporate consumer behavior and feedback â€" both quantitative and qualitative â€" into their pricing strategies. Further, firms can develop models to determine which combinations of related products consumers are likely to buy together, and use this information to develop and refine upselling strategies.Anoth er application of Big Data management and analysis to pricing involves sales forecasting. Firms can use predictive analytics to make real-time predictions about the firm’s sales performance overall, in a region, or even a specific location; they can adjust pricing to ensure that they meet those projections when necessary. Dynamic pricing can also be used to maximize revenue during times of increased market demand and/or supply shortages. Common in ground and air transportation during the holidays, dynamic pricing allows operators to increase prices for empty bus, plane, and train tickets when empty seats are scarce. However, industries ranging from hotels to sports entertainment to retail employ dynamic pricing to increase revenue.CUSTOMIZED PRODUCTION AND SERVICEBig Data collected to optimize supply chain management often holds key insights about consumer needs and wants. Firms can leverage these insights to develop new product and/or brand extensions, where sufficient consumer d emand warrants. In many cases, economies of scale reduce the costs of product extensions to the point where the additional costs are negligible. For example, a firm might introduce a jacket in three different colors, but through an analysis of aggregated social media mentions, customer service feedback, and online reviews, release the product in a fourth color. This is known as cosmetic customization.Many firms also leverage economies of scale to employ a mass customization strategy â€" one where customers provide firms with product features for common products, and the firm builds the product to the customer’s specifications. Auto manufacturers often employ this strategy, manufacturing large volumes of common components, and then allowing users to “build” their car by inputting desired features on the corporate website. However, many firms, from eyewear designers to toy companies, use this strategy, known as collaborative customization.Other firms, such as software firms, emp loy adaptive customization, which provides users with products that consumers can then customize themselves, according to their changing needs and desires. Still others employ transparent customization, wherein customers do not know that firms have customized products specifically for them. Often, this is employed not only with product manufacturing but also with fulfillment: firms analyze consumers’ usage patterns of commodities, and produce and offer, and distribute replacements when needed.In addition to adding value for the consumer, mass customization enhances a personalized purchase experience considerably, deepening both brand engagement and loyalty. Firms often use Big Data, including supply chain data to personalize their customer service experience. Firms with effective customer service departments integrate all available data about a consumer, including relevant supply chain data (such as a history of on-time and delayed deliveries, for example) into files available to customer service representatives. Having that data at their fingertips helps customer service reps address customer inquiries received.Firms can even use this data to anticipate such inquiries and respond proactively. For example, a firm might face greater demand for a particular product than they have inventory to meet. In such a case where the product has a lengthy manufacturing and/or distribution time, the firm can reach out to those who have placed orders with an explanation and apology for the delay; they can also update their website to notify new customers of the delay.AUTOMATIC PRODUCT SOURCINGIn late 2013, Amazon filed a patent in the U.S. for the process of predictive shipping â€" a distribution method wherein a firm uses predictive analytics to forecast future sales based on historical data; they then source and ship products to local and/or regional distribution centers in advance of those orders. It remains to be seen how successful this method may be, yet given Amazon ’s pioneering success in the online retail space, driven in no small part by its embrace of Big Data management tools, techniques and technologies, it would be tough to bet against them.Twelve years earlier, the firm filed a patent for automated product sourcingâ€" a process and its related technologies that played no small part in Amazon’s success; it has since been replicated by many other online retailers to varying degrees of success. Automated process sourcing refers to a firm’s ability to, upon receipt of a customer order, analyze inventory at multiple fulfillment centers, estimate delivery times, and return multiple delivery options (at different price points) to the customer in real-time. This enhances value for the customer, and allows Amazon to optimize distribution, as well as inventory management. Many other firms, from Best Buy to eBay, have either developed their own automated product sourcing systems or purchased software and process management solutions from ve ndors.BUILDING A BIG DATA SUPPLY CHAINThe benefits of paring Big Data with supply chain management make it an obvious choice; the ever-accelerating volume, velocity, and variety of data make it a necessary one. However, integrating Big Data into a firm’s supply chain is more involved than releasing a management directive or signing a purchase order.It is often advisable to start with individual links on the supply chain â€" such as departments, build Big Data into their operations, and replicate their successes across the organizations. The buy-in from this approach will help managers mitigate internal resistance to an innovation many find abstract or overwhelming. Executives and managers must review (and where needed update) the strategic business goals that drive the specific operational unit.For example, a corporate fleet might count as KPIs on-time deliveries, cost per delivery measured in fuel, wear and tear, and other measures, delivery times, positive customer feedback, lac k of negative customer feedback, and other similar indicators. Internal data scientist leads should work with must work with executives and managers (in this case the management team of the corporate fleet) to create operational goals and insights that drive these goals. For example, such insights might include the optimal time by which deliveries must be made to elicit positive customer feedback, optimal delivery routes that minimize cost per delivery and delivery times in real-time, and others that can allow the corporate fleet to add value to the organization as a whole. Data scientists then must work with I.T. (and vendors where necessary) to develop a Big Data infrastructure that allows them to meet these goals.Fundamentally, such architecture would include hardware/software and internal procedures and protocols for collecting, processing, and storing existing and new data, in real-time where possible and necessary. This architecture would also allow data scientists to clean, s earch, and filter data pre-analysis, analyze it as necessary, generate useful reports, and share actionable insights across the organization, and in some cases, to consumers. Further, this architecture must be scalable â€" as the volume of data will only grow, and secure, as a failure to maintain the privacy of consumer data can be a tremendously expensive mistake. Such architecture should communicate with existing (or new) customer relationship management systems and provide real-time intelligence to provide the most value for internal and external stakeholders.THE FUTURE OF BIG DATA AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTSeveral innovations and trends will not only accelerate the volume of data as a whole, but also the volume of data relevant to supply chain management. Mobile will continue to provide a major source of supply-chain relevant data, driven by the GPS technology in mobile devices, as well as the proliferation of social networks specializing in social discovery, which allows users to discover people and events of interest based on location. Deep analysis of consumer location information can afford firms even greater efficiency at getting products to consumers, whether through optimizing the locations of regional fulfillment centers or even distribution of products at those events and venues well frequented by its consumers.The Internet of Things â€" the attachment of sensors and other digital technologies to traditionally non-digital products to capture data, are currently, and will continue to be a major source of data of use to data scientists working on supply chain optimization. For example, a smart device can be built to send messages to the manufacturer when they are broken, which can generate production on a replacement part or full device, before its owner calls customer service. If the device is outmoded, its signal to the manufacturing firm can provide the customer service representative (and/or sales staff) with the information to prepare for an u psell.Cloud computing itself has driven Big Data’s growth significantly, as its inherent digitization of a firm’s operational data demands new methods to leverage it. As more firms take advantage of the benefits of cloud computing (such as reduced capital costs, economies of scale, and increased flexibility), adoption of Big Data’s management tools and techniques will grow. Moreover, as it grows, firms will demand increasingly sophisticated business intelligence systems, methods of predictive analysis, and tools for data mining, which the market will provide.

The Legal Treatment Of Interns - 1179 Words

Over the past five years there have been major developments in the legal treatment of interns which have driven significant changes in the way companies approach internship programs. In 2010, the Department of Labor issued Fact Sheet #71, which provided guidelines as to the application of the Fair Labor Standards Act to internships. Most notable was the requirement that a sponsor of an unpaid internship may derive â€Å"no immediate advantage from the activities of the intern† (United Stated Department of Labor, 2010). These standards were subsequently adopted by courts in litigation over unfair labor practices in internship programs. According to Lorenz Thomas (2015), there is widespread opinion that this means â€Å"an unpaid intern cannot†¦show more content†¦Internships can no longer be considered a laissez-faire practice. The practical effect is that there is little meaningful distinction in today’s environment between an intern who performs product ive work, and an employee. These external legal factors suggest that internships in the future may be, in part, a way of managing what Ivancevic, Konopaske, Matteson refer to as the â€Å"psychological contract† (Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson, 2014, p. 133). In other words, interns may be treated as employees in the current legal environment, but remain interns for the purposes of employer/employee expectations as to things like long term employment prospects and compensation. Employers can no longer view interns as a source of free labor. Employers must be prepared to commit more resources to their internship programs if they want to keep them, without being sued. At the same time, employers can use internship programs as a way of recruiting and training potential employees without the same level of commitment as full-time employees. Even so, the increased risk and resource requirements attached to internship programs are likely to lead to greater employer expectatio ns as to intern performance. Based on this analysis of the external trends in internship program practices, any internship program should be fully committed to complying with all worker protection and labor laws. Companies should clearly communicate their expectations to prospective

Organizational Structure Of The Organization - 3890 Words

Nowadays, with the rapid modernization of daily life and living standards increase quickly, people s needs for quality of products and services therefore also increase. For this reason, enterprises need to set up the structure and policies to suit the changes of the market. One of the essential and most important factors to achieve that is the organizational structure. Organizational structure theory is especially useful for people who manage organizations, or who aspire to do so in the future. It enables the manager to see that his or her organization and its problems are rarely wholly unique. Usually, much of value can be learned from examining the behavior of other organizations in broadly similar circumstances. Organizations,†¦show more content†¦Part 2: The important role of organizational structure in one business. Part 3: The case study â€Å"how to create an effective organizational structure† I. Organizational structure: 1. Definition: An organizational structure is defined as â€Å"the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates and motivates employees so that they can achieve an organization s goals†. It consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. 2. The classification of organizational structure a) Pyramidal structure: Pyramidal structure (also called hierarchical or line structure) is one of the simplest structures with one person or a group of people at the top and number of people below them. All the people in the organization know who their superior and immediate subordinates are. This kind of structure is suitable for small businesses where there are few subordinates or organizations where there is largely of routine nature and methods of operations are simple. Advantages Disadvantages Simple to establish and operate Promotes prompt decision making Easy to control Communication is fast and easy as there is only vertical flow of communication Lack of specialization Managers might get overloaded with too many things to do. Failure of one manager to take proper decisions might affect the whole

Rhetorical Analysis, Global Warming - the Great Delusion

Kevin Breuninger Prof. Jerry Phillips Prof. Harris Fairbanks English 3633W 23 February 2012 Rhetorical Analysis, â€Å" Global Warming – The Great Delusion† Matt Patterson argues in â€Å"Global Warming – The Great Delusion† that the alleged scientific consensus surrounding the theory of global warming is based not on fact, but rather on a web of mass hysteria and deceit. Patterson contends that â€Å"In fact, global warming is the most widespread mass hysteria in our species’ history†, and that the beliefs of global warming proponents are the result of their own delusional imaginations and a subconscious apocalyptic yearning toward which masses of people tend to subject themselves. While Patterson worries that what he perceives to be the†¦show more content†¦Patterson expresses a fear that â€Å"Man will be convinced by these climate cultists to turn his back on the very political, economic, and scientific institutions that made him so powerful, so wealthy, so healthy†. By framing his argument in a way that transiti ons from highlighting the scientific ignorance of global warming to the policies that such a worldview could impact, Patterson attempts to establish a chain of logic that justifies his concern for global warming as an influence on government. The language used in the sentence (â€Å"climate cultists† trying to convince â€Å"Man†, turning their back on beneficial institutions) also implies to the reader that the proponents of global warming are actively attempting to undermine the institutions that have allowed humankind to thrive in the modern world. This opinion is underlined later in the article, when Patterson contemplates why many â€Å"hope† for climate change catastrophe. At this point, Patterson approaches the core of his argument, wherein he provides what he believes to be sufficient evidence that the idea global warming will soon cease to be a threat to the progress. He argues that the â€Å"fever is breaking, as more and more scientists come forward to admit their doubts about the global warming paradigm†. The use of a fever as aShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescontribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical

Academic and Non Academic Writing

Question: Discuss about theAcademic and Non Academic Writing. Answer: Introduction: The academic writing is organized in a formal order to present an idea which is supported with the help of citations. The structure used in academic writing has an introduction about the topics followed by the content and then the conclusion. The citation or referencing form a very important part of academic writing. It is properly organized and analyzed. Third person point of view is used in academic writing. The rules of grammar and punctuations are followed strictly in it (Janks, 2012). The tone used in it is formal which means no colloquialism, slangs or contractions are used while writing academic articles. The language used is clear and precise. The key features followed in it include structure, development of the idea, analytic approach, use of citations, language, and explicitness. Whereas non-academic writing is more of an informal writing which are mainly used in writing personal journal entries, magazines, newspaper, emails, letters, text messages, etc. The language used w hile written non-academic writing is informal, simpler, and more conversational and often slang and dialogues are used in it. The sentence structure used in it is also informal. Often creative fiction falls in this category of writing (Leijen and Leontjeva, 2012). Essay: Exploring the Dark Side of Globalization The essay Exploring the Dark Side of Globalization first gives an introduction to the meaning of globalization which is followed by the content of the essay which describes the causes and impact of globalization. In the later part of the essay both the pros and cons of globalization are discussed. The Para at the end is more like an opinion of the writer rather than a conclusion which talks about the advantages of the globalization rather than the negative effects caused due to it. The language used in the easy is very simple and informal. Academic Text: Rethinking Global Economic and Social Governance All the features that are required in an academic writing are present in the Rethinking Global Economic and Social Governance article. The heading of the article and the name of the author is given in the starting. The date when it was published and the name of the journal in which it was published, is mentioned. The structure that is used is as per the requirement of the academic writing that is it starts with an abstract which gives a brief description of the paper and the issues which are discussed in the paper. The keywords that are used in the paper are mentioned in the starting. The body of the paper consist of various headings and subheadings which are related to and discusses each aspect of the topic. Each subheading has an opening sentence and consists of a paragraph at the end which summarizes the argument given in the text. The article is supported by in- text citation throughout to support the investigation and article of the author and at the end, a long list of referenc es which consist of both the non-academic and academic references are given. The language which is used in this paper is very formal as per the requirement of academic writing. In the end, the conclusion is given which summarizes the whole article (Ocampo, 2010). Newspaper Article: The Darker side of Globalization In the newspaper article The Darker side of Globalization published in the The Hindu in the year 2011 on 10th January, author talks about the dark side of Globalization around the globe. In the starting of the text, the author gives a brief description of the article and the meaning of globalization. Images are used to connect with the readers and to explain the topic in a better way to the readers. The language and the sentence structure used are very basic and informal. The article focuses to explain the importance of globalization in todays economy and the darker side of globalization by using the examples of various countries. Later in the article, the author has discussed on how to manage the challenges faced due to globalization. The keywords which are relevant to the article are also mentioned at the end of the article (Heine and Thakur, 2011). Conclusion Academic writing focuses on academic or specific field category. It has a formal tone and structure, unlike non-academic writing in which informal tone is used while writing. At the starting of an academic writing, there is research object or research background. The process followed in academic writing is rigid and objective. Whereas non-academic writing is based on the general issue of someones thinking or idea. It does not have a set standard, and it reflects the authors personality and style. It does not focus on specific topic or field. Academic writing only talks about the facts whereas non-academic writing uses the tone which is more relax, free- style and flexible. A non-academic writing helps in only telling about the idea or opinion of someone, and it does not contribute towards academic research. References Ayafor, M. (2011). Non-standard features in English in Anglophone Cameroon New Writing: dilemmas for the education system.English Today, 27(03), pp.52-61. Busch-Lauer, I. (2002). Technical vs. academic writing in English Any difference for non-native writers?.ASp, (37-38), pp.37-46. Heine, J. and Thakur, R. (2011). the dark side of globalisation.The Hindu. Janks, H. (2012). The discipline and craft of academic writing: Building writing capacity in Institutions of Higher Education.Reading Writing, 3(1). Leijen, D. and Leontjeva, A. (2012). Linguistic and review features of peer feedback and their effect on implementation of changes in academic writing: A corpus based investigation.Journal of Writing Research, 4(2), pp.177-202. Ocampo, J. (2010). Rethinking Global Economic and Social Governance.Journal of Globalization and Development, 1(1). UK Essays. November 2013. Exploring The Dark Side Of Globalisation Economics Essay. [online]. Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/exploring-the-dark-side-of-globalisation-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 30 August 2016]. Yang, H. (2016). Describing and interpreting graphs: The relationships between undergraduate writer characteristics and academic graph writing performance.Assessing Writing, 28, pp.28-42.

Qatar Foundation and the Related Issues Articles Analysis

Free Essays on War And The Human Psyche

War and the Human Psyche The experience of war places stresses on the human spirit that cannot even be imagined. In the short story, â€Å"The Red Convertible,† Louise Erdrich illustrates the harsh effects of war on one’s character. War can turn even the most free-spirited person into a monster of some sort, where almost nothing will bring the person back to who they once were. In the short story, Henry and Lyman are the main characters in the story. Henry and Lyman were two free-spirited people, in the beginning. â€Å"Then, before we had thought it over at all, the car belonged to us and our pockets were empty. We had just enough money for gas back home.† The two made a major purchase on an impulse. â€Å"We went places in that car, me and Henry. We took off driving all one whole summer.† Only uninhibited people would just up and take off driving for no reason. â€Å"Some people hang on to details when they travel, but we didn’t let them bother us and just lived our everyday lives from here to there.† It was almost as if the two brothers went wherever the wind blew them to. â€Å"We were somewhere in Montana, or maybe on the Blood Reserve – it could have been anywhere. Anyway it was where we met the girl.† These two brothers picked up a perfect stranger! She asked them for a ride to Alaska and they happily obliged. When they got up there, they made themselves at home and g ot to know the girl more. â€Å"You couldn’t tell how much hair she had when it was rolled up so neatly. Then my brother Henry did something funny. He went up to the chair and said, ‘Jump on my shoulders.’ So she did that, and her hair reached down past his waist, and he started twirling, this way and that, so her hair was flung out from side to side.† Both Henry and Lyman were happy people; happy that is, until Henry was sent for to go into the army. When Henry returned from the army, he was definitely a changed person. â€Å"But he ... Free Essays on War And The Human Psyche Free Essays on War And The Human Psyche War and the Human Psyche The experience of war places stresses on the human spirit that cannot even be imagined. In the short story, â€Å"The Red Convertible,† Louise Erdrich illustrates the harsh effects of war on one’s character. War can turn even the most free-spirited person into a monster of some sort, where almost nothing will bring the person back to who they once were. In the short story, Henry and Lyman are the main characters in the story. Henry and Lyman were two free-spirited people, in the beginning. â€Å"Then, before we had thought it over at all, the car belonged to us and our pockets were empty. We had just enough money for gas back home.† The two made a major purchase on an impulse. â€Å"We went places in that car, me and Henry. We took off driving all one whole summer.† Only uninhibited people would just up and take off driving for no reason. â€Å"Some people hang on to details when they travel, but we didn’t let them bother us and just lived our everyday lives from here to there.† It was almost as if the two brothers went wherever the wind blew them to. â€Å"We were somewhere in Montana, or maybe on the Blood Reserve – it could have been anywhere. Anyway it was where we met the girl.† These two brothers picked up a perfect stranger! She asked them for a ride to Alaska and they happily obliged. When they got up there, they made themselves at home and g ot to know the girl more. â€Å"You couldn’t tell how much hair she had when it was rolled up so neatly. Then my brother Henry did something funny. He went up to the chair and said, ‘Jump on my shoulders.’ So she did that, and her hair reached down past his waist, and he started twirling, this way and that, so her hair was flung out from side to side.† Both Henry and Lyman were happy people; happy that is, until Henry was sent for to go into the army. When Henry returned from the army, he was definitely a changed person. â€Å"But he ...

Politics of development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Politics of development - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of population growth on development, and to show that overpopulation is closely linked to gender politics. Thomas Malthus, a British demographer and political economist, developed a theory of overpopulation warning humanity of the dangers of swelling numbers. In his work, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1999), Malthus argued about the negative effects of population growth. He claimed that the multiplication of humanity over time would lead to disease and famine by making natural resources scarcer, and provisions and remedies more costly. Malthus argued that because of the relative growth of different classes within society (primarily English society) and an increase in poverty, the moral order of society would be tested. Malthus used two overlapping axioms to explain his ideas. He argued that it was easier for populations to grow than for natural resources to support this growth; population, for Malthus, increased in a geometric progression, while resources increased in an arithmetic progression. However, he maintained, there is a strong tendency in society towards population growth. This tendency upsets the balance between the number of people and the amount of food available to feed them. This situation worsens poverty and increased the worries of the poor. As a result development is hindered. The Malthusian model explains, just by simple supply and demand logic, that when population increases, the labor market becomes more competitive. This drives wages down. As the proportion of food per person decreases, the price of food also increases. Therefore, overpopulation hurts both poverty alleviation and overall development of society. There were two solutions to this problem according to Malthus: positive checks and preventive checks. Positive checks were natural and historical speed breakers to population growth and came in the form of war, global pandemics, and famines. These checks had

The paper subject is Human Resource management Essay

The paper subject is Human Resource management - Essay Example It was started with the help of three associates namely Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl with the desire to offer best quality of coffee to its customers (Scribd, n.d.). The prime objective of Starbucks is to offer its target customers with finest Italian coffee in order to enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction. In addition to coffee, Starbucks also provides varied types of food items and roasted coffee beans as well to its consumers. Moreover, it also attempts to attract large number of customers in order to augment its corporate image and brand identity in the market among other competing organisations. The objective of the paper is to highlight the importance of Starbucks along with preparing a performance management system in order to assess the performance of a shift supervisor. Moreover, it also highlights varied types of performance management approaches in order to augment the performance level of a shift supervisor of Starbucks. Performance management is referred as the method of creation of a uniform working environment, which can facilitate individual employees to augment their eminence of performances. It is also described as the process of examining and investigating the level of performances of an individual in order to attain the desired results (Kansas Department of Administration, n.d.). The main focus of performance management is to identify the areas for providing job enrichment training and to instruct the employees in order to achieve the required level of performances, which is shown in the below figure. Moreover, performance management is also essential, as it would facilitate an individual to attain recognition for his/her job performance. It also enables to identify the areas in job description that require to be worked upon in order to eliminate certain deficiencies within an individual. It is extremely essential for an organisation to sustain in this era of competitiveness

miRNA as Biomarkers in Forensic Body Fluids Identification

miRNA as Biomarkers in Forensic Body Fluids Identification miRNA profiling: What does not work for blood and urine identification Sarah S. Silva a, b, Teixeira, A.L b, MJ Carneiro de Sousa a,c and Medeiros, R.a, b a – ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal b – Molecular Oncology group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal c _ National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, North Branch, 4050-167 Porto, Portugal Abstract In forensics, the identification of blood, semen or vaginal secretions can represent an important support for a criminal investigation. They can be used as a source of DNA but also can hold, only by their presence, the most probative value. Through the years many methodologies were used to identify them but all presented serious drawback. Lately, mRNA surged as a potential tool for body fluid identification but their sensibility were a serious disadvantage, even more pronounced in forensic samples. Since 2009, miRNA profiling surged as a possible tool as a confirmatory test in forensics due to their tissue specific pattern of expression. Unlike mRNAs they are much more stable due to their proprieties whose makes them less prone to degradation processes. In this report, we studied the expressional patterns of miR-127, miR-221 and RNU-48 in 50 samples of urine and blood in order to define whether or not they could be used as biomarkers for urine or blood identification. Even though our aim was to assess whether or not our miRNAs could be considered as biomarkers, we came across 2 others interesting conclusions: the impact of RNA purity in miRNAs quantification and which miRNA cannot be used as a normalisation gene for blood and urine identification. Key words: miRNA profiling, Forensic, Serology, body fluids, biological biomarkers 1- Introduction Human body fluids are important components to rely on a criminal investigation [1, 2]. As a matter of fact, a complainant’s body fluids present on items belonging to a suspect – or vice versa – holds the most probative value. For example, in a case of a sexual assault in a child, where a DNA profile recovered from the child bedding and underwear coincide with his father DNA profile, can we consider his father responsible for the sexual assault? In a case like this, it is not enough to recover a DNA profile but it is also imperative to acknowledge its source. If no serological test were done, in court, the presence of DNA could be explained as a result of the presence of epithelial cells in the child clothing which is totally common when it comes from a sibling. On the other hand, if serological tests linked the DNA profile to semen it would be way more difficult to explain its presence there. Beyond the probative value that body fluid may have in a crime scene, it is also important to acknowledge them to optimize protocols to conduct a reliable DNA profiling [3, 4]. For example, DNA extraction processes are different for blood and urine. If we conducted the protocol of blood extraction in urine samples it may result in a reduced quality of the extracted DNA e enable any conclusive DNA profile [3, 4]. There is why, body fluids identification is considered as crucial step in criminal investigation. For some, it seems easy to identify body fluids such as blood (colour), urine (smell) or even sperm (texture) however, when dried, washed or mixed with other components their identification may not be that easy [1]. It is important to highlight that in court, there is no such thing as â€Å"It seems to be sperm because it looked like it and have the same particular texture†, it is needed an undeniable proof that it is sperm. Serological test are used in forensic biology to allow the detection and identification of body fluids in both native form or as a residue left at a crime scene. Serological tests are divided in two major fields: Presumptive and confirmatory test. Presumptive tests rely on methodologies that are sensitive and performed quickly, yet they are not specific to the body fluid. Those tests can only indicate if the fluids might be present and do not unequivocally states its presence. On the other hand, confirmatory tests are indeed specific to the body fluid we s eek to identify. As presumptive tests, confirmatory testing is sensitive however, it takes a lot more time. Idealistically, we should have a battery of confirmatory test for all important body fluids in order to reliably detect and identify them. Unfortunately, there is a large cluster of presumptive tests and far less of confirmatory ones. Moreover, till date no confirmatory test is able to reliably differentiate blood from menstrual blood which is an unquestionably important body fluid in sexual cases. Over the last years, mRNA profiling became a target for body fluid identification due to its tissue specific patterns. Still, mRNA susceptibility to degradation by physical or chemical factors was an unquestionable drawback. In order to sidetrack this problem, miRNA surge with a real potential as a confirmatory test. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with more or less than 22 nucleotides of length that, combined with the RNA-induced silencing complex, seems to regulate a major part of human gene (5 e 6 do meu artigo). Moreover, their tight relationship with Argonaute proteins, they are much less susceptive to both biotic and abiotic factors. In 2009, Hanson and colleagues were the first to introduce miRNA profiling and soon enough others followed. Those studies pointed out a large collection of miRNAs with potential as biomarker, however very few were confirmed by more than one group which revealed the lack of reproducibility of results. Moreover, when some tried to replicate the resu lts of others, they failed. For this report, we choose to test four miRNAs in both blood and urine of 50 healthy individual and study their behaviour within those body fluids. 2- Material and methods We conducted an expression profiling of 50 healthy individuals. The case group was composed by Caucasian individuals with no major pathological condition in order to erase a variable that could alter miRNAs profiles. Peripheral venous blood (Xml) and urine were collected from each subject following the obtainment of a written informed consent from all subjects. After collected the samples were processed. The samples were used for miRNAs extraction with GRS microRNA Kit (Grisp) according to the manufacturers instructions. Subsequently, miRNa priorly extracted were used as a template for cDNA synthesis using TaqMan ® MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems ®). To quantify miRNA expression, real-time PCR assays were performed with a StepOneâ„ ¢ System using TaqMan ®Universal Master Mix II (Applied Biosystems ®). The target miRNAs were amplified by a set of designed primers for miR-127-5p, miR-221*, miR-222* and RNU48. miR-222* was used as a normalization gene miRNAs relative quantifications. The data analysis was performed using the StepOne Software v2.2 (Applied Biosystems ®). Statistical analysis was carried out by the computer software IBM ®SPSS ®Statistics (Version 22.0). In order to assess any statistical alterations in our normalized miRNAs expression we used 2−ΔΔCt method and Students t test. 3- Results 3.1- Cycle threshold vs RNA purity Urine samples were processed and the resulting pellet was diluted in 1ml of Tripure. Visually a wide range of pink colour was noticeable within our urine samples. Those with a deep pink were related with samples with a more substantial pellet unlike those with a less considerable pellet who presented themselves with a lighter colour. After miRNA extraction, we quantify miRNA expression of miR-222 in urine samples and perceived that only few of them were detected. Interestingly, only the ones with a lighter colour were indeed detected. This tricky situation could be explained by the ratio of absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm which is used to assess the purity of RNA. In this case, lighter colour was also an indicator of a greater ratio, on the other hand, those with higher optical density had a very low ratio, far from the ratio of ~2.0 which is generally accepted as â€Å"pure† for RNA. In order to sidetrack this delicate situation, we choose a sample (MU26) that has an optimal 260/280nm ratio and diluted the other samples to equalize their optical density with Tripure. Posteriorly, we choose 5 samples to test and noticed a considerable decrease of Ct in the samples processed with the optimized protocol (Fig.1). The difference of Ct value is very significant, nearly 6 Ct, demonstrating that RNA purity is clearly a factor that challenge miRNA profiling. As showed, miRNA quantification goes with a low concentration or can go totally undetected when 260/280nm ratio is low however, when optimized, miRNA concentration increased significantly. As said previously, different reports indicated miRNAs as biomarkers for human body fluids identification though, when others tried to replicate them, they failed. Our results shows that for the same sample, different degrees of purity can decide whether or not a miRNA is detected, once it definitely affect their concentration. There is why, RNA purity needed to be optimal otherwise it may lead to unreliable results, which could explain, the failed attempts done by some authors when trying to replicate others results. Figure 1 Cycle threshold vs RNA purity. This figure presents the Ct values of miR-222 taken from 5 samples processed with both normal and optimized protocol (first and second column respectively). It is showed that the considerable fall of Ct values correlates with an increase of 260/280nm ratio. 3.2 – Normalization gene In qRT-PCR, data normalization is imperatively required for quantification analysis [5-7]. The integration of an invariant endogenous essay, also called as reference gene, has as its main objective correct systematic technical and/or experimental errors [6, 8]. For this essay, we choose to use RNU-48 as our reference gene for the data normalization. Widely used as normalization gene, RNU-48 is expected to have a stable pattern among samples. However, within our essay the opposite transpired. As showed in figure 2, RNU-48 was the one with a major standard deviation when compared with other 3 miRNAs analyzed which make it inappropriate as an endogenous control for our essay. Seemingly, we were not the only ones that concluded this, Sapre and colleagues also assumed that RNI-48 was inadequate as an endogenous control due to its systematic perturbation in its expression [9]. Remarkably, the unexpected miR-222 profile remained barely unaffected and presented no significant difference between urine and blood. miRNA-222 behaviour within our samples was surprising once, it is being aimed for its deregulation by many other groups. Here, it does not present any variation within samples, any variation among both body fluids, it did even remained stable within different stages of age and do not alter with gender. This particular behaviour is expected of endogenous controls. Therefore, we decided to use miR-222 as our reference gene in order to normalise our data. 3.3 – miRNAs as biomarkers Since 2009, miRNAs has been a target for forensic researcher, especially in forensic serology. The importance of both detection and identification for body fluids in criminal investigation is undeniable. Scientifically speaking, 5 years is such a short time to develop reliable new methodologies and, as already lay out by some authors, there is still so much to do. Here, we choose 4 miRNAs and decided to study their expression level in urine and blood samples. As stated earlier, we choose miR-222 as our endogenous control for our data normalisation due to its behaviour within our samples. As showed in figure 4, we can state that all miRNAs considered have different expressional patterns and all of them probabilistically significant (P RNU-48 is the one with a major difference between urine and blood. The one used numerous times as an endogenous control is upregulated about 141 times more in blood than in urine supporting our decision to not use it to normalize our data. Till now, a minor number of miRNAs have been acknowledged as tissue specific at least reliably. By definition, miRNAs are considered tissue specific when they’re found with high abundance in a specific tissue while it has low or non-existent expression in others. That differential profile patterns would allow body fluids reliable identification and serve as a significant confirmatory test. Considering our results, we can conclude that miR-127, miR-221 and RNU-48 are not suitable for neither blood nor urine identification. Despite a significant difference of expression, they do not present the expected expressional patterns to be considered as a good biomarker. Table 1 – miRNA detection in both urine and blood samples and its corresponding fold change within the body fluids. As we stated within our introduction, the miRNAs considered as biomarkers for body fluid identification in other reports have been difficult to replicate. We believe that those difficulties are linked to several factors as environmental factors, methodologies, age, gender, pathologies among several others. We know that miRNAs expression levels do alter with both biotic and abiotic factors, there is why we try to minimize the impact of those within our samples excluding, as example, acute pathological conditions. Despite considering that miR-127, miR-221 and RNU-48 are unsuitable for urine and blood identification, we wanted to study their expressional behavior within samples with different stages of age and gender. Figure 4A displays an overview of their relative quantification within female and male samples. Within blood, we did not notice any significant alteration in their expression (P>0,05). On the other hand, in urine, RNU-48 presented itself with a significant overexpression i n females (P When it comes to age, we divided our 50 samples in 3 categories: 20-40, 41-60 and over 60 years old. As it is shown in figure 4B, the relative quantification we achieved demonstrated no significant change in their expression profile (P>0,05). 4 – Conclusion and future perspectives More than just a source of DNA, body fluids sole presence can have the most probative value. Hanson and colleagues introduced miRNA profiling as a reliable tool to identify body fluids such as blood, menstrual blood, semen, vaginal secretion and urine due to their tissue-specific pattern and stability when conditioned by degradation processes. Here we focused our attention in four miRNAs: miR-127, miR-221, miR-222 and RNU-48. Soon enough miRNAs purity struck our attention when we notice that low value of 260/280nm ratio was associated with a poor degree of detection. When we upgraded our protocol the consequence reflected in a considerable decrease of the samples threshold. It would be irrefutably helpful to understand what threshold could affect miRNA profiling once, as it was shown, miRNA purity do affect considerably their quantification. It could even convey wrong outcomes once even miRNAs with high concentration within body fluids can appear with low concentration or totally inexistent. Our second result emphasised the importance of a normalisation gene. At first, we choose to use RNU-48 as our endogenous control but its behaviour within blood and urine make us reconsider our decision. RNU-48 is usually used as a reference gene due to its stable behaviour within samples however, our essay showed otherwise. Within the 4 miRNAs testes, RNU-48 was the one with a more pronounced variability within samples, which is opposed of what would be expected of a normalisation gene. Unexpectedly, miR-222 presented itself with the lowest standard deviation between blood and urine. Furthermore, we studied its expression levels and compared them within age and gender and concluded that no significant alteration was noticeable (P As stated earlier, normalisation genes are indispensable to validate qRT-PCR results however, till date, no normalisation gene is universally acknowledged. This problem is reflected in our case, where one of the most used normalisation gene proved to be unsuitable for urine and blood miRNA analysis. This subject is a very sensitive point in miRNA profiling. There is why it is imperative to focus our future line of work towards finding a reliable normalisation gene before anything else. Our main goal was to define whether or not miR-127, miR-221 or RNU-48 could have the potential to be considered as biomarkers for body fluids identification. In this case, we could establish that all four have different expressional patterns in urine and blood (fig.5) however, to be considered as biomarker it would expected a major difference within body fluids which do not happen with our miRNAs considered for this essay. There is why we conclude that none of this miRNAs have the potential to be considered as a biomarker for body fluid identification. Conflict of interest None.

Depth of a River :: essays research papers

Depth of a River   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poetic expression is evolved from a web of emotions and thoughts. With the help of imagery, formation, and figurative language, a poet is able to transport readers to another world of his creation. Robert Burns uses these attributes to invite readers into world of peace and serenity in his poem â€Å"Sweet Afton.† This lyrical poem expresses the gratitude the persona feels for his homeland’s beauty, while asking nature to be quiet so his love may enjoy the tranquillity of her sleep. Burns’s use of imagery, use of figurative language, and construction with musical aspects help him convey his feelings and ideas to his readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the rolling hills, winding streams, and wandering sheep, Burns has created a pastoral setting in â€Å"Sweet Afton.† Burns use of imagery helps add to the reality of the poem. A reader is able to hear the blackbirds’ whistling, the dove’s resounding echo, and the lapwing’s screaming. A reader is able to see snowy feet, crystal streams, and green valleys. A reader can even smell the sweet-scented birch. Burns appeals to senses by using imagery words that create the illusion of sound, sight, and smell. Imagery helps express the persona’s feelings in his environment, enabling the reader to stand along with him in his world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slow-moving rivers symbolize the simple life. Peace is traveling at a pace easily kept. There are no dangerous undercurrents or rocky obstacles; Afton River is gliding crystal. Burns is able to create this illusion through figurative language. He also uses apostrophe by having the persona command the river and wildlife to be quiet, as in â€Å"Flow gently, sweet Afton, disturb not her dream,† (lines 4 and 24). Much like imagery, figurative language is another vehicle used to carry the feelings of the persona to the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sweet Afton† is a poem broken up into six stanzas. Each stanza contains four lines. These stanzas attribute to the musical effect of the poem. The first and last stanzas are incremental refrains. Burns uses this repetition to emphasize his plea for the river to flow gently and his great appreciation for its beauty. The middle four stanzas each focus on a different feature of nature. The second stanza focuses on the sounds of the birds in the narrow and secluded valleys. The beauty of the surrounding hills, little streams, and the persona’s own sheep are emphasized in the third stanza.

Regulatory Bodies

ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES INTRODUCTION Health Professionals such as nurses doctors, Pharmacist and many others are regulated and licensed by regulatory bodies as required by provincial legislation. All nurses are required to be licensed to practice with their designated provincial nursing regulatory body. Legal responsibility in nursing practice is becoming of greater importance as each year passes. In order to provide safe and competent nursing care an understanding of legal boundaries is very essential. It is important to know the law in one state and the authorities enforcing these laws. VITAL ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES * To ensure the public’s light to quality health care service. * To support and assist professional members. * Set and enforce standards of nursing practice. * Monitor and enforce standards for nursing education. * Monitor and enforce standards of nursing practice. * Set the requirements for registration of nursing professionals. Nursing regulatory bodies also known as colleges or associations, are responsible for the licensing of nurses with in their respective provinces territory. The Nursing Regulatory bodies receives their authority from legislation. MAJOR TYPES OF REGULATORY BODIES * The central government. * The state government * Institutional Rules * Trained Nurses Association of India * International council for Nurses * American Nurses Association * Canadian Nurses Association * National League for Nursing ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT The central government is a source of regulatory body in three ways, through. 1) Government service conduct rules 2) The Indian Nursing council Act 3) The English law THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE CONDUCT RULES These are detailed rules of conduct for are government employees. Examples of these are the requirement to maintain absolute integrity, devotion to duty and high standards of moral behaviour. Only a few are applicable to the nursing practice, but all would be applicable to the practice of a nurse employed by the government. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL ACT The Indian Nursing Council, which was authorised by the Indian Nursing Council Act of 1947, was established In 1949 for the purpose providing uniform standards in nursing education and reciprocity in nursing registration throughout the country. The only national legislation directly related to nursing practice, also provides a basis from which rules for nursing practice can be developed. Among other responsibilities, this Act gives authority to the Indian Nursing Council for prescribing curricula for nursing education and recognising qualifications of institutions with teaching programmes for nursing. This means that the INC has authority to control nursing education and what the nurse is prepared to do. It is important because legal responsibility does finally depend upon what you should be able to do and how you should do it as well as what you are not prepared to do. The INC uses this authority in nursing education but it delegates authority for control of nursing practice to the State Nurses’ Registration Councils. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL The Indian Nursing Council was authorized by the Indian Nursing Act of 1947. It was established in 1949 to providing uniform standards in nursing education and reciprocity in nursing registration through out the country. Nurses registered in one stat were not necessarily recognized for registration in another state before this time. The Condition of mutual recognition by the state Nurses Registration Councils, which is called reciprocity, was possible only if uniform standards of nursing education were maintained. FUNCTIONS OF INC 1) It provide uniform standards of in nursing education and reciprocity in nursing registration. 2) It has authority to prescribe curriculum for nursing education in all states. 3) It has authority to recognize programme for nursing education or to refuse recognition of a programme if it did not meet the standards required by the council. ) To provide the Registration of foreign nurses and for the maintance of the Indian Nurses Register. 5) The INC authorizes State Nurses Registration Council and Examining Board to issue qualifying certificates. The INC has been given heavy responsibilities for nursing practice and nursing education but it has not been able to exert enough power to support high standards in nursing. ENGLISH LAW The law based upon the English Pattern is the third way in which the Central Government is a source of legal authority. These laws are very specific and make you â€Å"liable for negligence† or answerable to the laws for acts of carelessness. The laws summarised below are given for medical practitioners including nurses. 1) The right to refuse to the treat a patient expect in an emergency situation. 2) The right to sue for fees. (Applicable only to private duty nurse or private practitioners: other nurses are salaried. ) 3) The right to add a titile descriptions to one’s name. Any title, description, abbreviation or letter which implies nolding a degree, diploma, license or certificate showing particular qualifications may be added. (Improper use of these is often prohibited by State Nurses Registration Acts. The right to wear the Red Cross Emblem is given only to members of the Army medical service. 4) Unregistered practitioners are not allowed to hold positions or appointments in public and local hospitals 5) Fundamental duties. a) To exercise a reasonable degree of skill and knowledge in treating patients. The standard held is that exercised by other reputable members of the same profession in similar circumstan ces. b) Once a relationship to a patient has been established, there is an obligation to attend the patient as long as necessary unless the patient requests withdrawal or notice is given of intention to withdraw. ) A practitioner must give personal attention to his cases and answer calls with reasonable promptness. d) Children must be protected from harming themselves. e) Special precautions must be taken in the case of adults who are incapable of taking care of themselves. 6) The Indian Penal Code demands that poisonous drugs be kept in separate containers properly labeled and marked. Care must be taken not to mix with nonpoisonous drugs. 7) There is a duty of secrecy to the patients. Records must be treated as confidential unless the practitioner is called upon to give evidence in court. 8) Dangerous diseases must be reported. (Theses will vary in different parts of the country. ) 9) Nurses as considered solely responsible for their own professional acts irrespective of the employing authority. A fine is the usual penalty imposed for disobeying the law stated above, although imprisonment is also possible. The central responsibility consists mainly of Policy making, palnning, guiding, assisting evaluating and Co. ordinating the work.

African American Psychology Research Paper - 1293 Words

Abstract For Black people, race is a never-ending conscious component of life in America. We live in a country with a history of slavery that, once ended, extended into an institution and system of laws; Jim Crow, that continue to keep members of the Black community â€Å"othered† and invisible. The threefold purpose of this writing is to discuss how the treatment of African-American patients engaging in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically informed psychotherapy - as they exist today - fails to meet their full potential in the healing of the Black psyche; and to consider how the training curriculum can be expanded to include writings of Black psychoanalysts; and to encourage the analytic community to be opened up to include more analysts of†¦show more content†¦3) There is plenty of literature on race in the psychoanalytic dyad. Volume 40 of The Relational Perspectives Books Series; The Analyst in the Inner City, is a collection of essays edited by Neil Altman that contains psychoanalytic literature on race from Dorothy Holmes and Schachter Butts. Chapter Five of this volume offers detailed and thoughtful accounts of racial elements in psychoanalysis. These writings also include accounts of Altman’s own case illustrations that show what he refers to as the â€Å"limitations of his own unconscious and unprocessed prejudice† from which we can learn to be better analysts by developing cultural sensitivity and awareness at the expense of errors made by those before us. In each chapter he offers a clinical adaptation of the usefulness of these methods through case studies. Dr. Kimberlyn Leary writes about the application of treatment methodologies specific to the treatment African Americans but to make this suggestion is contrary to purpose of this paper. 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