Customer Service Quality To Gain Customer Satisfaction Tourism Essay

Customer Service Quality To Gain Customer Satisfaction Tourism Essay This study investigated the customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction of Travelodge Covent Garden. As per I know, this is the first student research based on customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction at the Travelodge London in Covent Garden. This study was to examine customer service quality of hotel, Impact of customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction, Importance of customer service policy and importance of employee training to improve customer service quality. A questionnaire was circulated in electronic form to 250 customers those who stayed at Travelodge Covent Garden hotel from April to September 2010.Only one fifth (#50) of the total customers were the actual respondents .09 employee of Travelodge Convent Garden were involved in this research. That means 59 completed questionnaires were collected. The respondent customers of Travelodge Covent Garden London, provided information of their visit, customer service quality, degree of customer satisfaction, worst thing that can not satisfy customer, why they choose this hotel and their opinion about the employee of this hotel. The respondent employees provided information how they improve their customer service quality and how they motivated their customer to come to this hotel. The picture of this study was not straight- forward; some differences which were quite different than common supposition were come out. The study found that customers were expected to get high quality of customer service provided by hotel staff. From this study it could be said that that customer service quality of this hotel is good but their room service quality fail to get customer satisfaction. Based on these findings, some recommendation had been pinched. It was recommended if business want to get competitive in todays global market they should concern about their customer service policy by providing training to their employees, as research shows that only trained employee can provide better service to their guests. Customer service manager should concern that their customer will get better customer service and at the same time standard room. 1.0- Introduction: The main aim of this study is to report the impact of customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction of Travelodge Covent Garden. With so much competition in todays global economy, customer service is necessary for any business. In todays increasingly competitive hospitality sector, every organization marketing strategies and tactics is to make profit and contribute to the growth of organization. Customer service quality is a comprehensive issue that effects all organization. Does not matter how big or small the organization is or what is their interest. Todays business world, not necessarily hospitality organization, all organization are interested in evaluating and implementing marketing strategies that aim to improve customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction which will help them to be differentiate from other. Customer service is a kind of service which involves a series of work designed to get customer satisfaction. It is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix for products and services. To stay in the competitive market organizations have to consider that customers are not only interested for product or service but also have some concern of how they are getting it. Customers are more educated, more aware about their money. Their expectation of the organizations and the people they buy from is much higher, they want better customer service. Customer service provides an income for the business, it also provides feedback, which can help the organization to improve service delivery on products, improve customer service bring up to date marketing, Production and transference equipments. In this assignment my problem statement is Does customer service quality play a vital role in order to gain customer satisfaction at Travelodge Covent Garden, London? Quality service is the key to a successful hotel business. When customers get better services from a hotel they become satisfied and want to come back at the same hotel when they needed. A satisfied customer will often be a repeat customer. Also that customer may tell other people and referred them in the same hotel where they get great service, which is one of the cheapest effective advertising for that particular hotel. Travelodge Covent Garden is one of the greatest budget hotel situated in the heart of London. With Travelodge, consumers can expect an easy, calm, stress-free experience and reliable standards of quality and service. Travelodge provides them the best budget hotel which has the spatiality of good customer service and room quality. 1.2- Research question: This study is set up to answer the following research questions: 1. What is the definition of customer service? 2. Discuss the importance of having great customer service in hotel. 3. What are the most important principles of great customer service? 4. How to improve customer service in hotel? 5. How customer service builds loyalty and profit? 6. Why hospitality organization such as Travelodge Convent Garden should assess the success of their customer service policy and how this organization can use this to improve the provision of staff training and development. 7. What are the disadvantages of negative customer service? 1.3- Significance: 1. Customer service is a service which principally helps an industry to keep a deep understanding with customers and manage their customers information to understand what is the need and want of their customers. 2. This project will help an industry to improve their customer service. Customer service can make or break a business. 3. This proposed study has also vital significance for evolution of theories of customer service which would help hotel organizations to adopt effective marketing strategy. 4. This research is beneficial to get some reason of having a good customer service policy in business. 5. This research has managerial implication, as managers can get advantage and have better understanding of their customers. 6. It provides that high quality of customer service create loyal customers which are beneficial for the future of hotel. 7. Apart from the above mentioned significance, this research will give me a chance to explore my ideas and views, as a post graduate diploma in hospitality and tourism student which will help me to gain knowledge for my future profession. 1.4- Research Objectives/Goals/Aims: The objectives of this study are to examine customer service management as a competitive advantage for hotel business. The research aim and objectives explored in this study are: 1. To help the hotel to enhance their competition. 2. To review literature on customer service and its effectiveness. 3. To get loyal customers and to build good reputation and image of hotel. 4. To evaluate competitive advantage of Customer service. Customer service is as important as product quality of hotel. 5. To examine whether hotel business adopts customer service management as a tool to keep customer longer to increase revenue. 1.5 Ethical implications: Ethical insinuation in a research is principally to carry out the research in a moral and responsible way. As a researcher I must discover a reasonable way of what methodological theory recommends and what is ethical possible from practical viewpoint. As a researcher it was always attempted to continuance objectivity by making sure all data were collected accurately fully. Some ethical issues I took into consideration are: a. Ethical treatment of participants: I designed my survey questionnaire in such a method that respondents do not suffer discomfort, awkwardness or loss of privacy. In order to protect the respondents I clarified the respondents about the benefits of this research and the participants rights and protection. b. Anonymity and Confidentiality: I offered complete anonymity and privacy to all participants in my research. During the time of my survey questionnaire I never asked name, address or any personal information which might recognize the specific person. All data which I collect kept confidential and used for only research purpose. 1.6 Hypothesis: Good customer service can help this particular hotel to beat the competitors between the hotels. In todays world market it is as important as product quality of hotel. It can make or can break. By providing great customer service quality a particular hotel can get repeat customer or loyal customer which is helpful to save money that might be spent on advertising. Repeat business and word of mouth advertising are the best ways of maintaining a healthy business. 2.0 Literature review: Reviewing literature is essential for assignment. It can critically form the foundation on which research is built. According to Jankowicz (cited in Saunders, M.et al.2007) literature review is a review which is written for project report should therefore be a narrative and critical analysis what other authors have written. This literature review will introduce the concepts of customer service, importance of customer service, and development of customer service which can help a hotel organization to gain customer satisfaction and to be profitable in competitive hotel business. 2.1Definition of-customer service: Many researchers have difined customer service quality in different ways. Customer service is the stipulation of  service  to  customers before, during and after a purchase. According to Jamier, L. Scott. (2002),  Customer service is a progression of actions designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. The book  Rules to Break and Laws to Follow is written by Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, Ph.D. in 2008.In this book they write that customer never forget the services that they get from an organization. Sometime their trust can be destroyed when they do not get proper service quality or it can be destabilized one day at a time, with a thousand small demonstrations of incompetence. In todays hyper-competitive business environment, Customer service quality is a significant factor that helps in differentiating service products. According to various literatures, satisfaction of customer is obtained with the escape of high quality service and products. Now consumer are more educated, better informed, more value conscious and demand more for their money. Their expectations of the companies and the people they buy from are much higher. In short, they want better customer service. 2.2 Importance of Customer Service quality: Marquardt (1989) points out that Customer service quality improvement becomes the most valuable fact in the service industry .This service quality can improve productivity, decrease the cost, build customer satisfaction and increase profit for organization. This is one of the greatest keys for the success of a business. It can literally make or break business. In business, if anyone wants to generate profits by selling their products and services to people who need and want to buy. Customers want to know how the organisation or hotel industry can make their lives better or easier or how the organisation can relieve them of their pain. Customer service is the most important function in todays hospitality industry. Many researchers(Olsen2002;kang,Nobuyuki and Herbert,2004;soderlund and Ohman,2005) stated that good customer service quality have been correlated to customer behavioural intentions like purchase and loyalty intention, willingness to spread word of mouth. Those customers who experience good customer service from a hotel are likely to return to this hotel and even spend more money at other attractions in the area. Jones and Farquhar (2003) told that good customer service quality make an impact to gain loyal customer. Bolton (1998) pointed out; service quality manipulates customers consequent behaviour, intentions and preferences. When a customer chooses a contributor that provides service quality that meets or exceeds his or her expectations, he or she is more likely to choose the same provider again. Besides, Cronin and Taylor (1994) also found that service quality has a significant effect on repurchase intentions. Good customer service helps to increase business. People or customers who leave the hotel which provide them good customer service are likely to tell their  friends  about the good time they have and also tell their friends and family what type of services they have got. In return, their friends and family will also come to the same hotel, building a growing customer base. Thats why its essential to be consistent in providing excellent customer service, quality food and an inviting or friendly atmosphere. 2.3 Importance of customer service policy: Having customer service policy is important for any hospitality and tourism business. It is a structure that describes the companys doctrine of doing business. Many researchers are pointed out some reason of having good customer service policy: 1. Good customer service policy helps to increase the brand name of a hotel. It pushes the brands name of any companys into customer mind. It shows a very positive attitude of customers towards the hotel or company. 2. This policy helps company to get more profit continuously which help to amplify revenue. 3. It helps to adjust and acclimatize employees principles and approach in accordance to company service policies. 4. Good customer service policy can feel up whatever consumer want, so consumers spend more for getting these services. 5. It helps to get good competitive advantage which is helpful to maintain companys position up to date and marketable. 6. Repetition of customer is achieved by a good customer service policy.Customer service policy is a fundamental factor which must be maintained a very standard level especially in hospitality sector in order to achieve target market. Advertising is essential in growing and maintaining a profitable hotel business. Good customer service helps to increasing advertisement for a hotel. Guests expect high-quality service. Lunchars (1996) said: the results of a 1990 survey of conference participants revealed that eight of the top ten factors rated most important for guest satisfaction were related to service quality rather than to the quality of facilities. While the leisure and business markets will undoubtedly have different specific demands for facilities, fulfilling guest expectations for quality service will be necessary for success across all market segments. On the other hand Poor customer service can wreck the reputation of a hotel, restaurant. People will talk over the Internet or by word of mouth and after getting poor service people will not visit this hotel. Customers are not only external but also internal as well. Some researchers noticed that a person who has experienced poor customer service from a restaurant will most likely share their bad experience with an average of 10 other people. Those 10 people are extremely like to pass it on again, and after that a huge wave of negative publicity has grown. It is revealed that 80% of all hotel complaints are related to poor service not for poor products and quarter of those surveyed pointed out they would not ever return to this hotel where they received poor service. These following policy are essential to provide good customer service quality in hotel: 1. A general early check in or late checkout process is maintained. 2. Customer can cancel or adjust their reservation if required. Any cancellation can be done in respect to the type of reservation made. 3. Special needs can be made in request area when customer information is confirmed as a part of online reservation process. By following these basic rules in maintaining good customer service, company build a relationship with their guests, a relationship that helps their business grow and prosper. 2.4 Conclusion of literature review: Although many researchers have been done so far on common information of customer service and many theories have been described by researchers but only a few studies have been provided on explaining the effect of customer service in particular hotel. To make a better position in hotel business, increasing profit and getting a brand name at Travelodge London in Covent Garden it is needed to be researched or studied further on various aspects. There is no complete research have been done till now specially impacts of customer service in Travelodge hotel. A fastest budget hotel like Travelodge in Covent Garden in London is situated in tourist attracted place. Many types of tourist come here and enjoy holiday. So it can be said that this area could be the best place to carry out this research. 3.0. Research Methodology: According to Kumar, R. (2005) research methodology is one technique of finding answer to such questions. There are two major types of data collection methods for this analysis: Secondary data collection methods and primary data collection methods. Both data collection methodologies have been used in this research. 3.1 Secondary data collection: Secondary data are those types of data which are existed and has already been examined by an academic. Saunders, M.et al. (2007) said that literature sources are divided in to three categories: primary like email, report etc; secondary like newspapers, books, journal etc and tertiary are those like encyclopaedia, index etc. In this research all data were collected through the library of London Victoria College, British library, Internet search engines, commercial bibliographic database and dictionaries. 3.2 Primary data collection: It is raw data. This data may be collected by survey based on questionnaire or interviews. Survey based questionnaire provide quantitative data; on the other hand interviews provide qualitative data. Guba Linchon (1994) said, Both qualitative and quantitative method may be used appropriately with any research paradigm (cited in Saunders, M. et al.2007,pp.100). Both two types of data collection method were used in this research. 3.2.1 Questionnaire Survey: A self-administered internet arbitrated questionnaire was planned to collect raw data. A semi-structured questionnaire has been prepared and given to about 250 customers whose had stayed Travelodge Covent Garden hotel at least one night in the previous six months. I am contacted those customer by e-mail as my friend who is the customer complaint manager in this hotel. After explaining him that I am doing this research for my study and it is not harmful for the organisation rather than from this research, organization can be benefited. Then he helps me to get those customer mail address.Questionnaire question was closed format questions as respondent (customer) can quickly and easily answer the questions. The questionnaire consisted two sections: First section was designed to explore the demographic data of respondent like age, gender; status (tourist or local consumer) etc .Second section of questionnaire identified the impact of customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction . This questionnaire took 5-10 minutes to fill up. Different methods were used for every part of the questionnaire. For example, the questionnaire asked consumer to signify the quality of customer service in this hotel, using Liker rating scale (very good= 4, satisfactory= 3, poor= 2, very poor= 1). There were some open ended question are also attached with closed format question like If you have responded others please specify and also give them (respondent) an opportunity to express their own idea. 3.2.2 Interview: An interview strategy has been carried out to collect qualitative data which is connected with philosophically phenomenological. According to Kvale, S. (1996) Qualitative Interviews also depend very much on the connection between interviewer and interviewees in developing the open dialogue which can allow a joint construction of considerate in the interview. This technique was applied when the interview was conducted to the H.R manager and Guest complaint manager and some other employee of Travelodge Covent Garden hotel. The interview was conducted through face to face conversation. 3.3 Data Analysis: Data analyses are two types, quantitative and qualitative data analysis. 3.3.1 Quantitative data analysis: Table, graph chart, pie chart has principally used to analyse quantitative data. Quantitative data refers to numerical data which has been given in percentage form for better understanding. Saunders et al. 2007 pointed that Quantitative data is supported on meanings derived from numbers and data collection marks in numerical outcomes and analysis conducted through the use of diagrams and statistics. 3.3.2 Qualitative data analysis: It is a data analysis process which refers to all nonnumeric data that have not been quantified and this process allow us to develop theory from data. Saunders et al. (2007) argued that qualitative data is based on meanings articulated through words and collection results in non-standardized data requiring classification into categories and study conducted through the use of conceptualization. 4. Finding: Questionnaire was given to 250 customers and it was circulated on August to September 2010. 50 of the total respondents were customers and 09 people were employee of Travelodge London Convent Garden. That means 59 completed questionnaires were collected. This Questionnaire was designed to get information from respondents that customer service quality makes an impact and help to gain customer satisfaction in Travelodge Covent Garden, London. In this questionnaire three sections were designed, First section was designed to explore the demographic data, second section of questionnaire identified the information of customers visit and third section designed to identify the impact of customer service quality to gain customer satisfaction. 4.1 Demographic Characteristics: Demographic data which provide respondents age, gender, status etc Table-1 Age of respondents Age(years) Number of respondents Percentage (%) 21-30 21 42 31-40 17 34 41-50 12 24 50+ Total 50 100 This figure shows that biggest numbers of respondents were aged 21-30; the second biggest group of respondents were aged 31-40, that means large numbers of respondents were aged between the ages of 21-40 (Table-1). Figure-1: Gender This figure shows that 30 out of 50, which means 60 percent were male and 20 out of 50 means 40 percent were female. Figure-2: Customer status Figure II, it shows that most of the guest who came in Travelodge London Covent Garden were holiday maker, out of the total 50 respondents 70 percent were holiday maker and the other 30 percent were business customer. 4.2 Information-customers Visit: This section of the questionnaire were designed to get information of customer service quality of Travelodge London in Covent garden and also identify the level of satisfaction of those customers who came in this hotel. Figure 3: Frequency of visit to the Travelodge London Covent Garden. Respondents were asked how many times they were visited in this hotel. This figure shows that 16 percent of customer visited in this hotel very often and 34 percent were visited often, 38 percent sometimes and 12 percent seldom, that means most of the customer came here sometimes and often ( Once in a year and once within six months). Figure-4: Planning to stay at this hotel. Respondent were asked how many time they were stayed in this hotel. This figure showed that the biggest number of customer was stayed here 3-5 days. The second largest number of respondent (24 percent) indicated that they wanted to stay here 2-3 days and 20 percent agreed to stay for a single night. Figure- 5: Main reason to visit in this hotel Figure- 5 showed that 42 percent guest visited here with friends and relatives, 16 percent came here for rest and relaxation, 14 percent came for business reason, 22 percent came for fun , sports and recreation. Only 6% came for attending conference, seminar and other forms of educations. 4.3 Customer service quality in Travelodge Covent Garden: Majority of guest expressed their satisfaction with the overall customer service quality of Travelodge Covent Garden but they were less satisfied with the quality of the room. In Figure- 6, Respondents were asked how the customer service quality of Travelodge Covent Garden London, figure shows that Majority of customer were satisfied about the customer service quality f this hotel. As shown in this figure 46% respondents were satisfied, 14% respondents said that the customer service quality of this hotel was good and 4% said it was very good.24% commented that it was poor and 12% said it was very poor. Adding three points(very good, good and satisfactory) of measuring scale it could be said that 64% commented positive attitude towards the customer service quality of Travelodge Covent Garden and 36 percent showed negative attitude towards the customer service quality of this hotel. As found Figure-7, it was apparent that the staffs in this hotel are friendly towards their guest. Largest number of respondents (52 percent) were agree that their staffs friendliness.22 percent said they were disagree and 12 percent commented that they were strongly disagree. Figure-6: customer service quality which is offered by Travelodge London Covent Garden. Figure-7: Staffs in this hotel is friendly towards the guest. Figure-8: Room quality of Travelodge Covent Garden As per figure-8, it was showed that the guest of Travelodge Covent Garden did not think that room quality of this hotel is satisfactory. Only 4 percent said it was good.42 percent respondents said that it was satisfactory while largest number of guest (38%+16%=54%) said that was unsatisfactorily (poor and very poor) Figure-9 Worst reason that cannot satisfy customer Figure show that most of the customers (70 percent) think that service quality is the main reasons to gain customer satisfaction on the other hand 30 percent think that quality of product is main reason. *Motivate customer to come again and again. This question was asked to customer service manager, guest complaint manager, human resource manager and staffs to know how they are satisfying their customers. First of all they are attracting their customers by their web sites which provide all information about their hotel. They offer lowest price with great customer service quality, clean and comfortable rooms and do everything which is needed for a good nights sleep. Travelodge do things differently to other hotel companies for attracting more customers. *Any plan to improve customer service system and room quality? This question was asked to the customer service manager, human resource manager to know about their customer service improving plan and improving about room quality. They inform that they are trying to overcome this problem. Already their company has taken some plan to develop their room quality and customer service system. They also said that by this time customers complain rates decreased significantly. They consider that customer service quality and room quality are gradually increasing and get customer satisfaction as their customers complaints are decreasing. 5.0 Recommendation and Conclusion: It is recommended that customer service is an important factor for a hotel to gain satisfied customer and this customer will be loyal customer. Business can be gain more profit by this loyal customer and customer service help to make relationship with customer. Training is fundamental for improving customer service. Training process help employee how to check in ,how to check out, how the reservation system work, how the equipment work ,how to provide better service to customer and how to deal customer nicely .Smile and eye contact is essential for good customer service. Employee of Travelodge London in Convent Garden must need to provide their customers requirements. Today customer not only want better product they also want services, If company failed to provide better service to their client. In this case they not only lose their customer who get their service but also lose their other customer because of bad reputation .So that company have to concern that the service provided by them is superior to make their customers to be loyal. The study discovered that company website is an important element to provide better service to their customer. For providing best customer service company should use website. In this website customer can get all kinds of service and idea about this hotel. From this research, It can be said that customer service quality help to get brand name. The study showed that the room service quality of Travelodge Covent Garden failed to satisfy their customers expectation. So it could be suggested that if they want more customer they should concern their room service quality. Frome this study it is finding that customer service quality had effective relationship with customer satisfaction. Customer service quality of hotel had positive relationship with guest but room quality revealed an unsuspected result of a negative relation with consumer. It was discovered that room quality was not good but guests expectation was high. Finally, it could be said that further research is still needed to justify the outcome of this research. The research issue may have been similar but the situation in all the research may be different including this research. Further researchers are welcomed to conduct a similar research as this in the identical content. 6.0 References: 1. Saunders, M. et al (2007)Research methods for Business students.4th edition, Essex, UK: Person Education. 2. Peppers, Don et al (2008)Rules to Break and Laws to Follow Wiley. pp.  24, 164 3. Marquardt, I. A. (1989) The link between Total Quality Improvement and Market Orientation in Guiry M. and customer service: The Critical Focas for a Firm, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Marketing Science Institute Conference. 4. Olsen, S.O. (2002) Competative Evaluation and the Relationship between Quality, Satisfaction and repurchase Loyalty. Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3), 240-249. 5. Kang, S. S.; Nobuyuki, O. et al (2004)Service quality and its Effects on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Behavioural Intention: Hotel and Ryokan Guest in Japan. Asia Pacific Journal of tourism Research, 9(2), 189-203. 6. Jones, H. Farquhar, J. D. (2003) Contact Management and Customer Loyalty Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 8(1), 71-78. 7. Bolton, R. N. (1998) A Dynamic model of the Duration of

Impact Of Recession On Business Of British Airways Commerce Essay

Impact Of Recession On Business Of British Airways Commerce Essay The global economy is experiencing problems ever since. There have been notable economic recessions in international business history. These recessions were managed in a variety of ways depending on the strategies which were implemented on a business-to-business basis. Each international company have intensified their efforts in order to come up with a variety of strategies which are geared towards the implementation of business policies and practices aimed towards the reduction of the impact of economic problems in the performance of their business. Depending on the extent of damage that the recession has caused the financial performance of a particular company, they have differing efforts in terms of redirecting their strategies and goals just to be able to combat the adverse effects of this economic downturn. Some efforts have proved to be effective. Unfortunately, some proved to be not effective which even forged some businesses to shut down or to merge with other businesses in o rder to battle the survival of the fittest in the environment of the worlds toughest businesses. In the field of economics, the term economic recession is described to an incident in the situation of a country wherein the gross domestic product reflects a negative growth in a period of at least two consecutive quarters  [1]  . Given the fact that the United States is the global leader when it comes to the consumption of goods and services, once this country experiences the phenomena of the recession, such will send shockwaves to the global economy and will inevitably affect the other countries in the world. When the United States experienced the phenomenon of the economic recession, many countries have been affected and their economy also experienced a downturn as the financial crisis hit their respective areas and shows effects which are negative to the business. Furthermore, in a scholastic work published by Leamer (2008), he stated that it is not enough that we only take a look at the two consecutive quarter negative growth of the gross domestic product in order to define recession. In his work, he mentioned that recession according to the National Bureau of Economic Research refers to that situation wherein there is a significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. Such definition of the concept of economic recession takes a broader look on the phenomenon rather than paying dedicated attention on the decline of the nations gross domestic product. There are other academic works which contest the inclusion of only the gross domestic product in understanding economic recession. The occurrence of recession is not primarily concentrated only on one sector of the economy that is why there is a need to take a look at economy-wide measures in order to fully understand the theory which lies beneath such economic activity. The committee also holds that there are four indicators which wil be useful in understanding economic recession including employment, personal income less transfer payments, and volume of sales of the manufacturing and trade sectors, and industrial production.  [2]  This concept strengthens the assumption that understanding the occurrence of economic recession cannot be full by only looking at the gross domestic product, rather it also entails an understanding of other economic variables which may prove to be just as useful in understanding recession. The occurrence of every recession in the global economy can be characterized by the painful increase in the rate of unemployment and a decline in the personal income of the citizens of the nation  [3]  . Such aspects should not be disregarded in order to understand the realizable signs to claim that the economy is in trouble and it is in fact experiencing the occurrence of recession. In 2001, when economists claim that the United States is experiencing economic recession, such signs have been visible in their business performance. Although the occurrence of such has been hard to accept, there is no way but to do so to move on with global business. As mentioned earlier, to fully combat recession, various strategies have been formulated in order to improve business performance with the objective of bringing in additional profit for the company to provide a better living on its employees. While some efforts have proved to be useful, it is very unfortunate that some caused more troub le and resulted with a number of companies shutting down, especially the small ones and those which were hardly hit, causing a big number of employees to have lost their jobs. In the course of this paper, the researcher will study the concept of recession, including the variety in its definition and the signs which will be indicative of the economic trouble. While studying the concepts which underlie recession, the researcher will study the case to the situation faced by the British Airways, one of the worlds providers for air travel. Just like any other businesses, it cannot be denied that British Airways also experienced recession. The paper will examine how the company faced these problems, including the strategy which it has formulated to combat recession and also the long term effect which were brought about by the recession. RESEARCH PURPOSE As what has been mentioned, economic recession is a global phenomenon. The United States is a global leader in business, any economic downturn in the country will send shockwaves all over the world, affecting every local market. The main purpose of this research is to take a closer look on the impacts of global recession in the economy of United Kingdom, specifically in the business performance of British Airways. In the course of the research process, adhering to its main purpose, various economic indicators will be studied to know how it leads to the occurrence of economic recession. Furthermore, the core of the study will be focused on the business of British Airways and will look at how recession affects its global business in terms of sales, profitability, and sustainability of the business in the global market. RESEARCH QUESTION To fully understand the study, the researcher will be guided with several questions which will shape the foundation and backbone of this paper. The research questions will guide the researcher to be able to achieve desired results of this study. One of the questions which the research will try to answer will be those associated with recession itself including how it occurs, historical background, what are the signs and indications that the economy is indeed experiencing recession, and its variety of effects on different businesses globally. Moreover, with much more intensive focus, the research intends to answer question regarding the business performance and status of British Airways in the global market. The study will answer questions including those associated with the indications that the business of British Airways is indeed affected by economic recession and what are the efforts including business strategies and redirection of business practices done by the company to combat the inevitable effects brought about by recession. The main question which the research will consider will include main focus on the significant effects of recession with British Airways in terms of sales, profit, and sustainability. RESEARCH STRATEGY AND DESIGN The design of research which will be utilized in the conduct of this study will be a conclusive research. The researcher opted for this research design because of the belief that such design will be the most useful and most appropriate in the process of gathering relevant information and in provision of the effects which the occurrence of economic recession has brought in the business of British Airways. The conclusive research is a formal and structured research in which data will be subjected to quantitative analysis  [4]  . By quantitative analysis, the research will make use of presentation of relevant figures especially those related to sales and profit in order to fully grasp the effect of recession in the business. Moreover, the type of conclusive research which will be utilized in the study is descriptive research. Descriptive research is one of the two types of conclusive research wherein the major objective is the description of something, which normally refers to marke t functions or characteristics. In the case of this study, the researcher will describe the characteristics of the market of British Airways as reflected by the obvious results of economic recession. This will be made possible by providing a picture of the current situation of the company in the global landscape. The major assumption in which the research will operate is that these characteristics are brought about by the inevitable effects of global economic recession in every international business. It will include the description of various groups related to the critical operation of the business such as the consumers, salespeople, organizations, and the market areas. Through a description of these relevant groups, the researcher will find it easier to provide a look at the effects of recession as shown by the people who were affected the mostly by the occurrence of such situation. Such research design is also expected to provide an association of to until what degree is marketin g variables associated with such economic situation. The research strategy will attempt to answer the 6 Ws which are associated with the conduct of a descriptive, conclusive research. The first is concerned as to who were considered the market of the business, which pertains to the bulk of passengers flying through British Airways. Another one will be what information are relevant and can be obtained on these passengers such as on why, if ever, they no longer fly the said airline. The research strategy will also attempt to delve into when such incident began to happen, where, and why it leads to such situation. Lastly, the chosen research design will also provide information as to the ways in which the company combats the recession. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will include data collection and analysis which will provide a better understanding of the issue at hand. Because of the difficulty of obtaining first hand information from the groups which are directly concerned with British Airways including its market of passengers and the authorities or business divisions which are associated in the performance of business, the data will mainly come from secondary sources which will provide the backbone of the study. The primary sources of information will be useful in this study because they can provide first hand information on the problem because they have a direct connection to the business. Nonetheless, such will be hard to obtain and will entail dedicated time to be extracted. With that, the researcher opted to make use of secondary data sources which will also provide the same quality of information as primary data. The secondary data which will be collected in the purpose of this study will include those information extracted from secondary sources such as books, academic journal, scholastic articles, and information which will be derived from the website. It will include sources such as annual company reports and financial statements which will show relevant quantitative information which will prove the claim that the occurrence of economic recession has indeed affected the business operation of the company. This information were previously collected and used for other problems, other than the topic of the researcher. Nonetheless, to be assured that the use of such data is valid, the researcher will see to it that those data were used on studies which are of the same context as to that of this research. These data will be carefully analyzed, including methods to verify the veracity of the sources and steps to assure that the data are genuine and indeed reflective of the situation of the compan y. There is a need to careful select the sources so as to be assured of relevant information usage. A thorough analysis of these data will assure the researcher of a more coherent study with findings which are true. The data will be analyzed to derive information relevant to the economic situation and to input actual variables in business operation. If these data are not carefully analyzed, a weak research will result. With that, the researcher will put an utmost importance to data analysis to be assured of reaching the purpose and objectives of this study as these data try to answer the relevant research questions. VALIDITY AND COHERENCE Aside from a careful analysis and presentation of information relevant in the completion of this research, the researcher also puts an unwavering emphasis on the validity and coherence of the information. This means that the data which will be presented must reflect only what is relevant or essential in the study that is, economic recession and will omit information which are invalid, or those which are related to variables other than recession. The data must be also coherent with the purpose of the study to avoid deviance from the topic at hand. REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTS AND THEORIES Currently, British Airways is celebrating 90 years of flying with pride, providing its wide array of clients with excellent services on their flights resulting to ultimate customer satisfaction. To fully understand the current business of British Airways, it is also of utmost importance that we take a closer look at its extensive history. The very beginning of the rich history of this airline can be traced back as early as the beginning of the history of civil aviation pioneering on the days after thee First World War. After a period of 90 years since the worlds first schedule air service which happened on August 25, 1919, there have been a lot of changes in terms of air travel. Each decade was marked by new innovation and developments which brought British Airways into its current position in the global market. The first decade of the operation of the company was marked by launching the worlds very first international scheduled air service which flew between London and Paris. The se cond decade, however, was characterized by the merging of Britains four major fledging airlines to provide a better service to the flying public. On the other hand, the third decade was marked by the merging of small air transport companies in the United Kingdom to form the British Airways Limited which became the primary competitor of the merger formed by the four companies during the second century. Furthermore, on the fourth, fifth, and sixth decade up to the present of the companys operation, more and more innovations had been on the rise to make the airlines known in the global market in terms of provision of excellent air services  [5]  . It is said that British Airways is United Kingdoms largest international scheduled airline with flights to 148 key destinations globally at best located airports. It is also said to be one of the leading scheduled premium international airline in the world. The principal business of the company is in the airport in Heathrow, which is one of the premiere airports in the world and serving a relatively large geographical area. During the end of the year 2009, it is said according to company statistics that they have already flown a total of 33 million passengers in different key destinations globally. During the same year, the company said that they have earned nearly a total of  £9 billion in revenue which was almost 2.7% higher than the revenue which they have generated in the previous year. The traffic of passenger is said to have accounted to 87.1 per cent of the total revenue, 7.5 per cent is attributed to airline cargo and 5.4 pr cent is constituted from other business activitie s of the airline  [6]  . The main activities which were carried out by British Airways in the course of its business operation include undertakings on both local and international scheduled air services involving carriage of the traveling public, and freight and mail and provision of ancillary services. The fleet of the company operates in different places in the global landscape with 38 networks in the America, 9 in the United Kingdom, 67 in Europe,12 in Middle East and South Asia,15 in Africa and 7 in Asia Pacific. These networks of operation of British Airways only go to show that the company has intensified operations all over the globe. Such also connotes that once economic trouble comes along the way of their operation, it is indeed inevitable that the global operation on these locations will also be dramatically affected  [7]  . The occurrence of global recession has affected global markets and brought about bad performance for every global business. One of the most significant years in which the recession was felt in the global market was during the year 2001. When the World Trade Center bombing happened, the economy of the United States suffered and it sent shockwaves to different local economies which affected the global market as well. The effects brought about by recession did not only last during that year. Until the present, the effects of the said recession can still be felt by some while others have already recovered from the economic downturn in terms of realizable increase on their sales and profit. During the first month of 2009, it was declared that Britain was experiencing recession  [8]  . While some are actually trying hard to escape the adverse effects of recession, unfortunately for Britain its effects were highly realized and very visible in their economy. This was said to be one of th e most unfortunate events in the history of the countrys economy since the 1990s where it experienced the adverse effects of the episode of economic recession. When the British economy was declared to be officially in recession during January 2009, the Office for National Statistics announced that the gross domestic product of the countrys economy showed a decline of 1.5 per cent during the last quarter of the year 2008 and a .6 per cent drop during the previous quarter. Following the definition of recession, which connotes two quarters of consecutive drop in the gross domestic product of the country, such statistics would have been enough to show that indeed the British economy is suffering from a recession, just like most economies in the global landscape. Prior to this occurrence of recession, the biggest drop in the gross domestic product of Britain is said to be during the 1980s. The recession brought about in Britain is said to be because of the direct result of the credit crunch in the global market in which manifestations were seen and felt as early as August 2007 and seen to be worsening during the autumn of 2008. The central probl em is said to be the banks operating in Britain which is said to have invested their reserves into assets which were assumed to be illiquid, unsafe, and worthless. This uncertainty in the economic situation is said to be damaging into different businesses in Britain for reasons including: lack of credit opportunities which resulted into the companies weakened abilities to hire workers, make new investments, and start innovative projects. This prompted various economic activities to slow down and cut back on the two main drivers of growth which include investment and employment  [9]  . Although recession was just declared in Britain during the year 2009, the early effects of such economic occurrence have been already felt by British Airways during the year 2001 in which the economic downturn in the United States have sent shockwaves towards other economies in the globe. During the 2001-2002 Annual Report which was released by British Airways, it acknowledges the fact that they have been on a bad year of operation as shown by their sales and profit margins. In the statement of the chairman of the company during that year, it showed that the company incurred a pre-tax loss of 200 million pounds compared to the previous year in which they registered a profit amounting to 150 million pounds. To add to the consequences of the economic downturn, no interim dividend has been paid and the Board also recommended not paying any final dividend because they have been operating on a loss. The disappointing financial report in their annual operation that year did not at all surp rised the shareholders for it was somewhat expected because of the obvious situation in the global economy. That year was also regarded as the worst in their operations, although it has not been the most difficult by far for the management. On that same year, the people working behind the company were also affected. There has been a significant 20 per cent reduction in the workforce of the company brought about by thee economic crisis. Nonetheless, this reduction was done on a voluntary basis such as through elected severance and early retirement  [10]  . Moreover, also on the annual report for the year 2002, the Chief Executive Officer of British Airways strengthen the assumption that the company is experiencing financial crisis as brought about by the global recession. They considered that year to be the toughest in the history of their business and they also considered it as an impact of the terrorist attack in the United States affecting the general of the global economies. In their efforts to bring back the company in the landscape of profitability, they have formulated various strategies and policies which are all geared towards a better business performance in the upcoming years. They have formulated various activities in order to practice cost efficiency and used technology in order to develop a more convenient way for the public to be bale to book their flights  [11]  . When the economy of Britain was declare to be experiencing recession during January 2009, in the Annual Report released by the British Airlines the occurrence of such has also been acknowledged as shown by their business performance on that given operating year. The company also recognized that the global airline industry is highly and fiercely competitive subject into heavy global regulations, and highly exposed to the changes which were evident in the behavior and confidence of the consuming public. They are even more challenged with the current economic situation that is an economy which was suffering highly from the consequences of the occurrence of recession. The sharp declines in growth can also be highly associated with record prices in oil and commodity and the unprecedented financial crisis bringing about global recession. One of the most significant effects of recession in British Airways is seen on the market to which it caters. The most significant impact of recession in the airline company is reflected by its premium passengers who cut back sharply their travel spending in order to save money. Statistics shows a significant 2.8 per cent decrease in the traffic of premium passengers in British Airways. This is said to last longer because a recent survey showed that almost 47 per cent of businesses will incur fewer travels abroad in order to save. In addition to this, more passengers are opting to spend the holidays in the comfort of their own homes to cut back on costs  [12]  . Furthermore, in a statement which was released by the Chief Financial Officer of British Airways, he acknowledges the fact that during the previous year that their record profitability has put them into a condition in which they can combat economic slowdown. However, with the recession greeting the year 2009, it proved otherwise as they have suffered from dramatic losses in terms of sales and profit making them face the sharpest downturn in the course of the history of their business. When they have incurred profit in the previous year, they said that they are in a good position to combat economic downturn and the perpetual increase in the price of fuel. Unfortunately such did not come true and they instead suffer from the consequences of the poor condition of the economy in the global landscape. In order to control the effects of recession, measures to be able to combat market, credit, capital, and liquidity risks have also been implemented. The over-all management of these risks is focused on the unpredictability of the financial markets as it seeks to minimize the adverse effects brought about by the occurrence of recession. More efforts have been extended by the management to be bale to combat the adversity of recession and to bring back profit in the operation of the business of Britush Airways  [13]  . The business of British Airways during the turbulent time of economic recession can be better understood by taking a closer look at the key performance indicators of the business. Because of the unprecedented downturn in economic conditions, the company was not able to meet their financial target. In terms of their financial operating margin, a loss has been incurred attributed to soaring fuel prices and the economic recession  [14]  . In December of 2008, the International Air Transport Association a 2.5 billion dollars in terms of loss for the airline travel industry to be brought about by decrease in traffic because more people or travelers are cutting down on their costs because of the economic crisis. These were brought about by current economic conditions. After the economic downturn brought about in 2001, the airline industry recovered during the year 206 but that does not seem to be for long because eon January of 2009, recognizable losses in terms of profit have been incurred. Many of the worlds leading airlines, including British Airways, have been in poor financial health and are not well-equipped to combat the global recession.  [15]  The financial loss for the year 2008-2009 has been very drastic for the companys management and made them formulate strategies in order to combat the downturn. However, even though they are experiencing losses, they have not formulated any policy related to increase in air fare. The management believes that doing so will not help increase sales, rather it will just lower demand  [16]  . In the balance sheet which was released by the Annual Report of the British Airways, the total assets for the year 2008 totaled to 11,229,000 million pounds which was relatively lower compared to 11,938,000 million pounds during the year 2008. Moreover, their cash and cash equivalents for the year 2009 only totaled to 219 million pounds as against in 2008 where it was 433 million pounds  [17]  . These significant declines as reflected in the companys annual financial statements are enough testimonies to the fact that British Airways, just like any other company in Britain is indeed in the turmoil of economic recession. The management of British Airways acknowledges the fact that it has been a very difficult year for the financially but they are doing well financially. For the operating year 2008-2009, the company was able to incur a loss before tax amounting to 401 million pounds as compared to its profit before tax of 922 million pounds in the previous yea  [18]  r. In order to manage sustainability of business performance, the company is also geared towards various measures. One of which is to strengthen their name through their brand reputation. Their brand, being of significant commercial value, is taken well care so that it can be prevented from erosion and destruction from the publics perspective. Competition is also highly managed in order to achieve sustainability. The management ahs acknowledged the fact that indeed competition is very fierce in their industry. With that, they have formulated conscious efforts in order to get ahead of the competition and find their edge in the market. Moreover, other issues which were addressed in order to manage sustainability include employee relation, debt funding, management of environmental conditions, fuel prices and currency fluctuation, and deregulation among others  [19]  . In order to potentially manage sustainability despite an economy suffering from recession, the future direction of Brit ish Airways is also geared towards environmental related strategies which they hope will also increase their performance. The efforts of the company are focused towards adding value and enhancing their reputation in the global landscape while getting the trust of the shareholders and stakeholders in achieving a sustainable business  [20]  . Furthermore, to be able to combat the effects of such economic downturn, it is just but normal for British Airways and other businesses to invest on their intensive and conscious efforts to bring back profitability to the business. In the undeniably incredibly tough environment in which the airline operates, a dedicated focus is given towards pulling the business through the immediate crisis as it embarks on immediate preparations for better economic times. They have developed strategies which were mostly based on an upgraded customer service, competitive cost base, corporate responsibility, perpetual plans for growth, and other strategies which aim to improve the way they do business  [21]  .

Gambling Essay -- essays papers

Gambling As time marches on into the twenty first century, gambling has become an increasing problem in the United Sates. The continuing problem has hurt the lives of many often leading to actions such as suicides. The problem with gambling today is it is not taken as a serious problem by the American world. According to Richard Wilhelm, it is thought of as â€Å" a recreational hobby that has little negative affects†(2). Little does much of the public know that gambling is a serious addiction that can completely take over your life. It is a problem that is continuing to increase yet people have no idea the permanent damage it can cause on a person’s life. Our job is to inform people of the dangers of gambling and create a solid awareness so that this problem can be dealt with in a proper way. Unfortunately not every one feels as if we must spread the word about the dangers of gambling. Local governments are firm believers in leaving the system the way it is. It is estimated that the city of Las Vegas takes in well over a billion dollars each year throughout their casinos(1). They then use the money to build up a city that opens up both job opportunities and cheaper housing(1). Las Vegas brings up an interesting argument that benefits its city but they forgot to mention what it does to the people that live in their city. You can have the most beautiful city in the world but if people in your city are losing their life savings and killing themselves, a discussion must take place. To often with gambling, big time governments think only of the money that is coming but not how it is coming in. This is exactly what happens with gambling. Money is brought in at will in areas that contain a number of casinos. However, the money that is brought in is not honest money or hard earned money. â€Å"Governments live off the ten percent of the American population that are compulsive gamblers(2).† It is estimated that nearly one in every ten individuals today are compulsive gamblers. One thing people don’t realize is how serious compulsive gambling is. I personally am one who suffered through a great deal of distress to my addiction to gambling. People think compulsive gamblers are weird and messed up low life’s who have nothing better to due with their time. The average person thinks that there is no way he or she would ever be stupid enough to get to the point whe... ...ation is a vital part of our world and without it, we cannot know from right or wrong. If someone doesn’t tell you anything at all, you would never know the possible dangers that lurk. Before people knew about the dangers of smoking, nearly fifty percent and up of the population smoked. Now DARE programs have been set up to teach kids that this is wrong. All over the news, we here stories of alcohol related incidents as well as people over dosing on drugs. However, how often is it we here about that guy who dropped his life earnings in a night and Vegas and shot himself to death? Unfortunately we don’t. Therefore we are not able to protect our children and ourselves against what quite possibly be the fast growing disease out there. Information is the gateway to which we base our decisions on everyday, however without it we seize to know. NBC runs fifteen second clips about how knowledge is power. We need to get into the faces of the media and protest the governmentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s stance on this issue so as our children grow they will realize the dangers of gambling and not just alcohol and drugs. We have the knowledge; all we have to do is proclaim it so that the world can know how this works.

The True Heroes in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises Essay -- Hemingway

The True Heroes in Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises   Ã‚   The imagery of bulls and steers pervades Hemmingway's novel, The Sun Also Rises. Bullfighting is a major plot concern and is very important to the characters. The narrator physically resembles a steer due to the nature of his injury. Mike identifies Cohn as a steer in conversation because of his inability to control Brett sexually. Brett falls for a bullfighter, who is a symbol of virility and passion. However, there is a deeper level to the bull-steer dichotomy than their respective sexual traits. The imagery associated with bulls and steers is more illustrative than their possession or lack of testicles. In their roles and in the images associated with them, bulls are glorious, exciting and dangerous. Steers are humble, impotent and safe. Hemmingway's treatment of these associations favors an ethic of weakness prevailing over strength. Despite the seeming advantages to being a bull and the explicit statements in their favor, steers are the true heroes in Hemmingway's novel .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The imagery associated with bulls and steers is confusing, since it is clearly supportive of bulls over steers. Bulls are associated with passion. Those who identify with bulls through their enthusiasm for bullfighting are called "aficionado" from the Spanish word for passion (131). Those who lack aficion are valueless while a true aficionado is a "buen hombre" (132). The bulls are "beautiful," muscular, aggressive and "dangerous" (139, 141). Because of their physical prowess and their sexual potency, bulls are capable of ascending to the heights of glory. They arouse passions in the crowds who gather to watch them run and fight. In sharp contrast, the steers are weak and emasculate. ... ...dencies. Without the bulls, the steers would stagnate. Without the steers, the bulls would self-destruct. The novel is a story about passion and how it must be pacified by the pedantic voice of normalcy. The way of the steer rescues the way of the bull from its conclusion in self-annihilation. In turn, the aficion of the bulls gives meaning and purpose to the life of the steer.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. Ernest Hemingway. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1993. Kerouac, Jack. On The Road. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1976. Svoboda, Frederic J. Hemingway and The Sun Also Rises: The Crafting of a Style. Kansas: The University Press of Kansas, 1983. Young, Philip. "Ernest Hemingway." Encyclopedia International. v. 8, p.388-389. 1982 ed.

do not go gentle into that goodnight by dylan thomas Essay -- essays r

Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night - Dylan Thomas [1914-1953] Relevant Background Dylan Thomas was born at home in Swansea, Wales in 1914. His parents were middle class. His father was a schoolmaster in English at the local grammar school. Dylan Thomas was anxious in himself as a child and sometimes unwell. He was often absent from school and dropped out at sixteen. He preferred to read on his own. He did very well in English and reading, but neglected other subjects. As a poet it is clear that Dylan Thomas enjoyed playing with language. ‘Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night’ is an emotional and touching appeal to his dying father not to die. Though Dylan’s father was an English teacher, he didn’t like his job. However, Dylan was always grateful to his father for giving him a love of literature. Thomas feared, respected, and deeply loved his father. His father had been ill a long time without realising that he was dying. Thus he couldn’t show his father this emotional poem. Dylan Thomas spoke this poem to his father in his mind, but not in real life. The poem is a villanelle. A villanelle is made up of five stanzas of three lines followed by a final stanza of four lines. See the note on ‘Form’ below. It is normal for two of the lines to be repeated in a pattern throughout the poem. So even though it is a nineteen-line poem, there are only thirteen individual lines of poetry to understand. Dylan Thomas’ poetry is known for its vivid and often fantastic imagery. He drank himself to death in a drinking session in New York City in 1953. Summary In the first stanza or tercet the poet urges his very ill father to fight his illness. It is expressing a hope rather than an actual command because his father never heard the poem. Dylan Thomas declares that even in old age the old should violently resist their death. The poet urges his father to angrily hold on to his life. In the second stanza, Thomas states that wise men may know that death is natural but they too resist death violently. They hold on because they realise they have not made a sufficient impact on society with their wisdom. In the third stanza, Thomas states that honest men don’t accept their death because they want to live on to give more good example to others. In the fourth stanza, Thomas states that men who lived mad and wild lives don’t give in at the end. Thomas d... ... sounds to emphasise anger and fighting in ‘Rage, Rage, against’. Notice the use of long ‘i’ sounds in the remainder of the line to express sadness ‘dying of the light’. Sibilance [repetition of ‘s’ sound] The four ‘s’ sounds in ‘Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears’ create music and a mixture of tender and angry feelings. Form It is an elaborately structured villanelle. A villanelle is made up of five stanzas of three lines [tercets] followed by a quatrain, a unit of four lines of poetry. The opening line of the poem, the first line in the first stanza, also ends the second and fourth tercets. The third and final line of the first tercet ends the third and fifth tercet as well as the quatrain at the end of the poem. Rhyme There are just two end sounds shared by all the lines in the poem: ‘ight’ and ‘ay’. The poem follows the strict rhyme scheme of the villanelle. The first and third lines of each of the three-line stanzas rhyme with the same end sound for all those stanzas. The second line of all the stanzas rhyme. In the four-line stanza the first line rhymes with the third and the fourth line. ‘Go’ and ‘good’ as well as ‘rage, rage’ create music through internal rhyme.

Bracero Program

The Bracero class The Bracero Program was a temporary contract labor weapons platform initiated in 1942 by the unite States and Mexico. intentional originally to bring a experienced Mexican verdant laborers to harvest boodle beets in Stockton, California, but soon interruption to about of the united States and to the force industry. Although the railroad architectural plan blockadeed in 1945, afterward World War II the agricultural program proceed until 1964. Originally, the program was knowing to protect the il sanctioned migrant kick the bucketers against the maturation by American farmers.However, it was criticized and was viewed as a failure from the humanitarian point of view. Workers in the Bracero Program continued to face struggles with the United States and Mexican governments. Many workers did not feel the mandatory savings accounts that were legally guaranteed to them upon expiration of their contracts to work in the United States. In many another(preno minal) states, specifically Texas, the local governments and government activity also took advantage of the workers. Graft and decadency on both sides of the trammel enriched many Mexican officials as well as unethical coyote freelancers in the United States who promised contracts in Texas for the unsuspecting Bracero. reported by The Handbook of Texas Online (Handbook of Texas Online, s. v. , 2001. ) Beca physical exercise of the abuse of authoritative business office, such as perfunctory arrest for petit larceny causes, and obvious discrimination, Mexico excluded Texas was excluded from the labor-exchange program. Wages paid to legal contracted braceros were low. As well, these workers often encountered paltry substandard living conditions.Many braceros left wing contracted work to return to home plate or to find better gainful jobs. These braceros became known as wetbacks. Farmers and ranchers became dependent on a low-cost, docile, illegal labor force. The attempt for jobs began to move the illegal immigrants farther trade union into Texas and California. However, there were still many braceros that continued to work under contract and work as law-abiding members of the community. The program became a political issue for the Americans. The United States wielded the power of negotiations with both the Mexican government and theMexican people. Mexico lost all real dicker power in the 1950s. Along with competition from Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, the United States determined that the program was no longer vital to the Americans it discontinued the program in 1964. Chavez and Huerta fought the program because it undermined American workers and exploited the migrant workers. postcode says it more obvious than the account from Walt Edwards (as cited in Dillin, 2006), When we caught illegal aliens on farms and ranches, the farmer or rancher would often call and complain to officials in El Paso.And depending on how politically connected they we re, there would be political intervention. That is how we got into this louse up we are in now. (Dillin, John, 2006) By the end of the program, farm labor unions began to form which in conclusion led to the abolishment of laws stating it was illegal to cram farm labor. This contribute the way to the grape strikes in California and the boycotts in stores, lead by Filipino farm workers. aft(prenominal) the first strike several variant organizations began to form and led similar movements slightly the country.Through the 1960s to the 1980s, Cesar Chavez was a major inspiration to such movements and organizations. One of the most notable protests was when Chavez and the UFW marched from the Coachella Valley to the Mexican border to protest growers use of illegal aliens as strikebreakers and replacement workers. References Bracero Program. Bracero Program in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bracero_program. Cesar Ch avez. Cesar Chavez in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez. Dillin, John. (2006, July 06). How Eisenhower resolved illegal border crossing from Mexico. Electronic version. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http//www. csmonitor. com/2006/0706/p09s01-coop. html. Handbook of Texas Online, s. v.. (2001, June 6). surgical operation Wetback. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http//www. tsha. utexas. edu/handbood/online/articles/OO/pqo1_print. html

Spunk: Kill and Story

Brianna Walton English 101 What Goes somewhat Comes Around workforces role in the eyes of society is to be the chieftain of the house, to provide for the family, and to be physic solelyy and work forcetally vigorous. They are taught non to show their emotions yet to bury them. Society has taught us that the rapacious man will run the big business, make more money, last pass water a more successful life. Men who tend to be soft utter and unsure are looked at as fainthearted in the eyes of others as well as in society.In Zora Neale Hurstons pith, at that place is a combat in the midst of Joe and core. punk rocker is having relations with Lena, Joes wife. Joe perkks revenge and boldness shovel ins him. Ultimately ignition is kil guide supposedly by Joes evil spirit. The language captures the line in the tale, which strengthens the reflexion what goes nearly bewilders around. nerve is looked at as the towns hero because he is not timid of anything and he i s physically strong, when in all actuality he should not be glorify by the towns plurality because he is nothing but a bully.Joe is the exact opposite of Spunk, he is physically weak but mentally strong. The role of this drool is to show that the physically bigger male doesnt ever win. Kweapon systema is always come on loo kinship groupg for revenge and eventually the man that has spunk will be shown. Spunk is first introduced as a giant brown-skinned man thats cognize for his bravery. The towns batch triumph as they look him even though he is walking arm and arm with someone elses wife. He is seen as the ideal male because he is strong and brave. Joes introduction is comp permitely different.He is immediately looked at as weak by the towns people because at the mention of his wife you could see the painfulness he was suffering in his eyes, his face, his hands, and even the demoralize slump of his shoulders showed the pain he was suffering from the absence of his wife. It is lucid that Joe is not respected by his peers. Joe pulls out the razor to show them that he plans on executeing Spunk, they dont conceive that he has what it takes to kill Spunk. They even go as far as laughing boisterously behind his seat as they watched him go into the woods.The overall footfall employ in Spunk is estimableness and ridicule. The serious tone is shown when its seen that Joes wife is having a public affair Now Joe knew his wife had passed that way. He knew that the men lounging in the global store had seen her, moreover, he know that the men knew he knew. This means Hurston uses this conflict to execute a serious tone in the point. Moreover, a bigger conflict with Joe and Spunk occurs Joe came out there wid a meat axe an made me kill him. This also sets up a serious tone. Hurston uses this conflict to fuel the next interpreter of the tone in the written report. There is also humourous tone in the story besides Spunk says twant no bob-cat noho w. He says it was Joe make sneaked back from hell The author sets this tone up by making the story supernatural and spiritual. The mood in the story that seemed to arise was angriness. The first part of the anger is towards Lena. Lena looked at him real disgusted but she dont answer and she dont move outa her tracks. She was cheating on her husband in public. She should have break him or fully left Joe, or else of mistreating and humiliating him in public. The second part of the anger is towards Joe. One could actually see the pain he was suffering, his eyes, his face, his hands, and even the dejected slump of his shoulders. The reader wonders why Joe let Lena and Spunk make a seagull out of him. For that, the reader is angry at Joes timid personality. In Spunk, Hurston uses a series of language devices.The allusion element is vividly used Joe came out there wid a meat axe an made me kill him. He sent Lena home and led the men back to Joe-crumpled and limp with is justifiedl y hand still clutching his razor. Hurston sets Spunk up to be an over-exaggerator in the story without saying he is. The author also uses the parley between the Elijah and Walter to exhibit the distinctive confabulation Ah like him fine but taint in effect(p) the way he carries on wid Lena Kanty, jus cause Joes timid about fightin. This form of down southeast olden days slang give a different edge to the story, that the reader does not experience in modern day. The story displays a free reintic irony It was Joe, Lige that gloomy sneak shoved me he didnt dare come to mah face This makes the reader say isnt that ironic. Hurston displays Spunk to be the bad guy he is that killed the good guy, then is killed. In the set out of the story an allusion is presented to the reader Looka theah folks cried Elijah Mosley, slapping his stifle gleefully. Theah they go, big as life an tinny as tacks. This gives the reader the conception that there is going to be some drama in the stor y. The dialogue in this story establishes realism Gimme some soda water. Sassprilla, Ah Reckon. The idiomatic expression shows the reader the setting is probably during the days when blacks did not have an education or wasnt really allowed to get educated. The dramatic irony enriches and evokes the central idea If spirits kin fight, theres a powerful tussle goin on somewhere ovah Jordan, cause Ah bleeve Joes ready for Spunk anaint skeered of anymore Karma gave the illusion that Joe returned and killed Spunk. However Spunks guilt trip about killing Joe led him to his fate. The predominate element of Spunk is the central idea, karma. Hurston exhibits karma He pushed me Lige-the dirty hound pushed me in the back Spunk Banks was claiming Joe Kantys evil spirit kill him. Spunk took Joes wife and killed him, nevertheless Spunk died. This is a classic case of what goes around comes around.